Transcript World History 2005 Chapter 21 Notes Power Point

World History Chapter 21 Notes
Absolute Monarchs in Europe,
1500–1800
Several countries in Europe come under the control of
absolute monarchs, and Parliament challenges the
monarch's authority in Great Britain
Section 1
Spain’s Empire and
European Absolutism
During a time of religious and economic
instability, Philip II rules Spain with a strong
hand.
Spain
• 1500’s and 1600’s - Kings tried create powerful
kingdoms in which they could command the complete
loyalty of all their subject (absolutism)
• Divine right – The political idea that kings received their
power directly from God
• Hapsburgs were Europe’s most powerful royal family
• Their lands were too scattered to rule
• 1556 - Charles V retired and divided the empire
- Gave his brother Ferdinand land in Central Europe
(Became Holy Roman Emperor)
- Gave Spain, The Netherlands, and Southern Italy to his
son Phillip II
Phillip II
• Ruled Spain from 1556 to 1598
- Most powerful monarch in Spanish history
- Devout catholic who saw himself as a defender
of the faith
• Worked to increase Hapsburg power throughout
Europe
- Involved Spain in several costly wars
• Phillip made Castile the center of the empire
- Madrid became the capital
Religious Policy
• Philip worried about the loyalty of the religious minorities
- Protestants
- The Marranos – Jews who had converted to Christianity
- The Moriscos – Muslims who had become Christians
• Philip supported the Spanish inquisition
• Protestantism never took hold in Spain
• Moriscos revolted and were expelled from the country
• 1576 – Phillip tried to impose Catholicism on the Netherlands
- Conflict was long and bloody
- 1587 – Netherlands declared independence
- England helped the Netherlands
Spanish Armada
• Spain faced a growing challenge from Protestant
England
• 1586 – Phillip decided to invade England
• 1588 – Spanish Armada sailed for England
- 130 ships and 33,000 men
• England had faster more maneuverable ships and
longer-range cannons
• Separated the Spanish ships and defeated them
- Marked the beginning of Spain’s decline as a sea
power
- The Netherlands, England and France reduced Spain’s
power in Europe and throughout the world throughout
the next two centuries
Last of the Spanish Hapsburg
• Costly wars drained Spain’s treasury
• - Forced to borrow money
• Gold and silver from the Americas caused
inflation
• Agriculture and industry declined
• 1665 - Charles II became king
• - Last of the Spanish Hapsburgs
• - Died without an heir to the throne
Section 2
The Reign of Louis XIV
After a century of war and riots, France
was ruled by Louis XIV, the most
powerful monarch of his time.
France
• 1589 – Henry of Navarre became Henry
IV
• Founded the Bourbon Dynasty
• Ruled France until the early 1800’s (With a
few interruptions)
• Bourbon kings maintained and absolute
monarchy most of the time
Henry IV
• A Protestant who converted to Catholicism to quiet opponents
• Believed that people religious beliefs should not interfere with their
loyalty to government
- 1598 – issued the Edict of Nantes to reassure the Huguenots
(France’s Protestants)
- Edict allowed Protestant worship to continue in areas where
Protestants were the majority but banned it in Catholics strongholds
such as Paris
- It granted Huguenots the same civil rights as French Catholics
- Ended religious strife and enabled France to rebuild
• Henry restored the Crown’s treasury, repaired bridges, roads and
supported trade and industry
• Tried to restore discipline in the army and bring order to the
bureaucracy
• Did everything without the approval of the Estates-General
Cardinal Richelieu
• 1610 – Henry was assassinated
• Louis XII became king (9 years old)
- His mother Marie de Medici was regent for next 7 years
- 1617 – Louis took the throne by force and exiled his mother
• Gave power to Cardinal Richelieu (One of his advisors)
• Richelieu set out to build and absolute monarch
- Reduced power of nobles and took away right of the Huguenots
• 1625 – Radical Huguenots revolted and were defeated
- Lost power to have independent towns but kept religious freedom
• Tried to make France the supreme power in Europe
- supported French culture
- 1600’s French became the preferred language of European
diplomacy and culture
Louis XIV
• Most powerful Bourbon Monarch
• 1463 – became king at the age of 5
- France was ruled by his mother Anne of Austria and Cardinal
Mazarin
• 1661 – Mazarin died and Louis announced he would run his own
government (age 23)
• His 72 year reign was the longest in European history (Called the
Sun King)
• Emphasized a strong a monarchy because he feared disorder
without it
- Had lived through the Fronde as a child (series of uprisings)
• Louis moved his court and government to his new palace at
Versailles
• He wanted the Huguenots to convert to Catholicism
- Repealed the Edict of Nantes (many Huguenots migrated)
War of Spanish Succession
• Spanish king Charles II died without an heir
• Both France and Austria had claims to the
throne
• Phillip of Anjou became king (Louis XIV’s
grandson)
• England, The Netherlands and Austria led the
Grand Alliance against Spain and France
• 1713 -Treaty of Utrecht
- England and the Netherlands recognized Philip
V as king of Spain on the condition that Spain
and France never be united under one crown
Section 3
Central European
Monarchs Clash
After a period of turmoil, absolute
monarchs rule Austria and the
Germanic state of Prussia.
The Thirty Years War
• Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants continued in
Germany after the Peace of Augsburg in 1555
- Allowed each prince to choose the religion of his
subjects
• Disputes were complicated by the spread of Calvinism
- Had not been recognized by the peace settlement
• Protestant princes resisted Hapsburg monarchs rule
• 1618 – War began in Bohemia
• Ferdinand of Styria became king (Hapsburg heir to the
throne of the Holy Roman Empire)
- Began taking away Bohemian Protestants freedoms
(Czechs)
The Thirty Years War
• Civil war began
- Ferdinand and Catholic princes against the Protestant Princes
- Phillip III of Spain sent aid to the Hapsburgs
• 1620 – Czechs were defeated
- Forcefully reconverted to Catholicism
• Protestant Denmark began fighting the Hapsburgs and were
defeated
• Sweden entered the wear to defend the Protestant cause and were
defeated
• After 12 years - Political issues became more important than
religious ones
- Cardinal Richelieu attacked the Hapsburgs to prevent them from
becoming too powerful
The Thirty Years War
• War lasted another 13 years
- Germany was plundered and towns were destroyed
- Germany lost about 1/3 of its population
• 1648 – War ended
- France gained power as Europe’s leading power and Germany
was weakened
• Peace of Westphalia
- recognized Calvinism among the official religions
- Divided the Holy Roman Empire into more than 300 separate
states
• Hapsburgs still ruled Austria and Bohemia
- Ended hopes of absolute monarchy over all of Germany
Austria
•
•
•
Hapsburgs began focusing on building a strong monarchy in Austria,
Hungary, and Bohemia
- Austria was still the most powerful of the German states
- 1683 – Ended Ottoman siege of Vienna
- 1718 – regained territory in the Balkan peninsula from the Ottomans
- Acquired lands in Italy and received the Spanish Netherlands as a result of
the war of Spanish succession
1740 - Maria Theresa inherited the throne from her father Charles Vi
- She strengthened the Central government and improved the economy by
promoting trade
1718 - Pragmatic Sanction – Royal decree that had the force of law
- Europe’s rulers promised not to divide the Hapsburgs lands and to accept
female succession to the Austrian throne
Prussia
• Ruled by the Hohenzollern family
- Enemies of the Hapsburgs
• 1700’s – rose to power in northeastern Germany
• Fredrick William (Great Elector)
- Worked out a compromise with the Junkers to become absolute
ruler
- Created a standing army and taxed the peasants and townspeople
• Fredrick I – Fredrick William’s son
- Helped the Hapsburgs against France in the War of Spanish
Succession ‘
- Given the title king as a reward
- However , he was a weak ruler who did little to strengthen the
country
War of Austrian Succession
• 1740 – Fredrick II became king of Prussia
- Wanted to expand Prussia’s territory
- Rejected Austria’s pragmatic sanction
- Seized Silesia from Austria
- Spain and France backed Prussia
- The Netherlands and Great Britain backed Austria
• 1748 – Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle officially recognized Prussia as
an important nation
- Prussia retained Silesia
- Maria Theresa kept the rest of her domain Austria, Hungary, and
Bohemia
• Maria changed alliance from Great Britain to France
- Also gained the support of Russia (enemy of Prussia)
War of Austrian Succession
• Seven Years War
(1756 – 1763)
- Worldwide conflict where France and Great Britain
competed for overseas territory
- Prussia fought Austria, Russia, and France
- Fredrick II signed a peace agreement that enabled him
to keep most of Silesia
• 1763 - Treaty of Paris
- France gave up most of French Canada
- Great Britain replaced France as the leading power in
India
- Great Britain emerged as the leading European power
Section 4
Absolute Rulers of Russia
Peter the Great makes many
changes in Russia to try to make it
more like Western Europe.
Rise of Russia
• 1200’s to 1700’s Russia was isolated from
western European developments
- Crusades, Renaissance, and the
Reformation
• Developed its own civilization
- Based on the values of the Eastern Orthodox
Church and the Byzantine Empire
• Russian monarchy gained absolute power and
crushed any opposition
Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible or the
Awesome)
• He was learned, religious, and cruel
• Became czar at age 3
(1st czar)
- Caught between rival groups trying to rule country
- Witnessed cruelty and was never able to rid himself of his early
memories
• Saw treason everywhere
- arrested, exiled or executed many of his closest advisors
- Killed his own son in a fit of rage
• Took steps against the nobles (Boyars)
- Seized their land
• Increased Russia’s trade and worked to expand it borders
- needed more seaports
• 1500’s – conquered Mongol land east and south of Russia
- Unsuccessful in acquiring territory near the Baltic Sea
Times of Trouble
1613)
(1598 –
• 1584 – Ivan died
- Country drifted toward chaos
• Nobles feuds over the throne, peasant revolts, and
foreign invasion plagued the country
• 1613 – Michael Romanov named as czar
- Named by an assemble of clergy, nobles and
townsmen
• 1500 and 1600’s – Boyars became more closely tied to
the czars service
- Townspeople lost what little influence they had on
government
- Peasants were bound to the land (Serfs)
• Some peasants moved to Ukraine and Siberia
Peter the Great
• 1689 – Peter I became czar (almost 7 feet tall)
- Wanted to bring Russia into the mainstream of
European civilization
• Realized that Russia’s view of the world was
limited
• Took 18 month tour of study in England and the
Netherlands
• Forced Russian nobility to adopt western ways
(clothing, and customs)
• Moved capita to St. Petersburg
- Became Russia’s “window to the west”
Peter the Great
•
•
•
•
•
Expanded Russia’s borders
- Forced China to accept Russian control of Siberia
- Claimed the Bering Strait which resulted in Russian settlements in Alaska and
California
- 1721 – defeated Sweden to win control of the eastern end of the Baltic region
Changed government by creating a new class of nobles called dvorianie
- Were allowed to own hereditary estates in exchange for government service
- Nobles were given full control over the serfs
- Brought the Eastern Orthodox Church under his direct authority
Brought agriculture and production under strict government control to stimulate the
economy
Peter’s reforms strengthened Russia’s role in foreign affairs
Only had limited success in Russia
- Caused split between people who accepted European ways and those who didn’t
- Broke the traditional Eastern Orthodox culture that had united nobles and peasants
Section 5
Parliament Limits the
English Monarchy
Absolute rulers in England are
overthrown, and Parliament gains
power
Elizabeth I
• Daughter of Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn
• Became queen when her ½ sister Mary died
- Earned the loyalty and confidence of her subjects
- Her reign was one of England’s great cultural periods
- Refused to marry and give up her power as monarch
• 1603 – Elizabeth died
- James VI of Scotland became king
(Mary
Queen of Scots son)
- Founded the Stuart Dynasty and united England and
Scotland under one common ruler
Opposition to the Crown
• 1603 - James I became king (Stuart Dynasty)
- King of Scotland when he assumed the throne
- Believed in divine right
• Had to constantly ask Parliament for money
• Ended a war with Spain
- England had to make war repayments as part
of the treaty (Created a debt)
• 1600’s – Most people belonged to the Church of
England
- Had differences of opinion concerning doctrine
and rituals
Opposition to the Crown
• Puritans – wanted the church to be purified of remaining
Catholic rituals and symbols
• James felt anyone who criticized the church was not a
loyal subject
- Threatened to force Puritans out of the country
- Many migrated to North America (Massachusetts Bay
Colony)
• 1604 – Had a group of scholars prepare a new
translation of the Bible from Greek and Hebrew into
English
• 1611 – “King James” bible became the best known
English version of the bible
Charles Inherits the Throne
• 1625 – Charles I became king (James’ son)
- Inherited country’s political and religious conflicts
• Opposed the Puritans and believed in divine right
• Asked Parliament for money to fight war against Spain
and France
- Dissolved it after it gave him only a fraction of what he
requested
- Forced landowners to give loans to government (jailed
opponents)
- Placed some areas under martial law
Charles Inherits the Throne
• 1628 – Charles called Parliament into session
and was forced to sign the Petition of Right in
exchanger for money
(Limited the King’s
power)
- Forbidden from collecting taxes without
Parliament’s consent
- Couldn’t imprison anyone without just cause
- Troops couldn’t be housed in private homes
against the will of the people
- Couldn’t declare martial law unless country
was at war
Charles Inherits the Throne
• 1629 – Dissolved Parliament for next 11 years
- Ignored the Petition of Right
- Named William Laud Archbishop of Canterbury
(Leading official of the Church of England)
- Denied Puritans right to preach or publish
- Punished outspoken Puritans with public whippings
- Tried to force the Calvinist Church of Scotland to
accept the Church of England’s prayer book
• Scotland formed a National Covenant – agreement in
which they pledged to preserve their religious freedom
- Were prepared to go to war to do so
Beginnings of the Civil War
• 1640 – Scotland invaded England
• Charles recalled Parliament (needed money)
• - Refused to discuss anything before they voiced their
complaints about Charles
- Short Parliament – Charles dissolved it after 3 weeks
• Charles summoned Parliament again (desperate for
money)
- Long Parliament – lasted 20 years
- Abolished the special courts used to jail Charles’
opponents
- Ended all forms of illegal taxation
- Jailed and later executed Archbishop Laud
Beginnings of the Civil War
• 1641- Ireland rebelled
- Irish remained Catholic
- Angered by the English practice of seizing land form
Irish owners and giving it to the English
• Conflicts in both Scotland and Ireland
- Charles was at the mercy of the Puritan controlled
Parliament
• Royalist group “pro-monarchy” formed in Parliament as
the Puritans Grew stronger
- Consisted of people who supported the king and
opposed Puritan control of the Church of England
Beginnings of the Civil War
• 1642 – Parliament sent Charles “Nineteen
Propositions”
- Made Parliament the Supreme power in
England
- Charles refused to agree to its demands
- Led troops into Parliament and attempted
to arrest five of Parliaments leaders
• Both sides began preparing for war
The English Civil War
• Cavaliers – supported Charles
- Many belonged to kings cavalry
- Nobles and landowners from the north and west
• Roundheads – Supporters of the Parliament and Puritans
- From the south and east
- Had close cropped hair
• Oliver Cromwell – Led Parliaments forces
- Very religious and brilliant military commander
• 1646 – Royalist armies surrender after 4 years
- Puritans removed opposition from Parliament
- Established the Rump Parliament
• 1647 – Charles surrenders
• 1649 – Charles was executed
- Shocking moment for many English
New Government
•
•
•
•
Rump Parliament ended the monarchy
Set a republic known as a commonwealth
Cromwell’s army crushed opposition
Many Irish Catholics were killed or lost lands to
Protestant landlords
• (1651) Navigation Act – Required that imports
be brought to England in English ships or in
ships of the country producing the goods
- Caused war with Dutch (England won)
New Government
• Cromwell dismissed the Rump Parliament
- Placed England under military rule
- Granted religious freedom to nonAnglican Protestants
- Enforced Puritan rules (Required children
to attend church, avoid drinking, gambling,
and swearing)
New Government
• 1658- Oliver Cromwell died
- His son Richard was unable to maintain
government
- Most people were tired of military rule
and unhappy with Puritan restrictions
• 1660 – Newly elected Parliament restored
the monarchy
New Government
• May 29, 1660 – Charles returned to the throne
- Restoration – Period in which the House of
Stuart was returned to the throne
- Merry Monarch – He loved parties, games,
and witty conversation
• Publicly a member of the Church of England
- Secretly supported Catholicism
- Wanted religious tolerance
(Knew
parliament had control)
New Government
• 1660’s – Royalist Cavalier Parliament
passed Clarendon Codes – Series of
laws that once again made the Church of
England the state religion
- Only church members could attend
universities, serve in Parliament or hold
religious services
- Hundred of Puritan clergy were driven
from their churches
Limiting Royal Power
• Restoration created a constitutional monarchy
- Form of government in which the monarchs
powers are limited by a constitution
• England’s Constitution was made up of many
documents
- Magna Carta – Guaranteed the right to trial
jury
• Charles’ disagreed with some of the reforms but
never fought Parliament forcefully
- Wanted to avoid his father’s mistakes
Establishing Political Parties
• Caused by opposition to Catholicism
• Grew out of debate over who should
replace Charles II as king
- Had no legitimate children
• James II was next in line
(Charles’
brother)
- Practicing Catholic
Establishing Political Parties
• 1679 – Parliament tried to pass the Exclusion Act to
prevent James from becoming king
- Whigs – Wanted to exclude James from the throne
- Tories – defended the hereditary monarch
• Parties Comprised
- Tories defeated the Exclusion Bill by agreeing to
another bill proposed by the Whigs that established
habeas-corpus
- According to habeas-corpus, a person could not be
held in prison without just cause or without trial
Bloodless Revolt
• 1685 – Charles died
• James II became king
- Wanted absolute power
- Claimed he had the right to suspend the
law
- Appointed Catholics to government
positions
Bloodless Revolt
• Parliament tried to wait for James death
- His daughter Mary and her Husband
William of Orange were heirs to the throne
(Protestants)
• 1688 – James’ 2nd wife gave birth to a son
- Heir to the throne
(Catholic)
Bloodless Revolt
• Whigs and Tories united against James
- Invited William to invade England and
take over the crown
- James fled to France when he realized
he had little support in England
• William III and Mary II gained the English
throne without battles or bloodshed
- Referred to as the Glorious Revolution
New Limits on Royal Power
• Previous kings had sworn to observe the
laws and customs established by their
ancestors
• William and Mary swore an oath that they
would govern the people of England
“according to the statutes in Parliament
agreed upon and the laws and customs of
the same”
New Limits on Royal Power
• Parliament passed the Bill of Right
- King couldn’t raise taxes or maintain an army
without the consent of Parliament
- Couldn’t suspend laws
- Declared that Parliament should meet often
and have the freedom of debate
- Guaranteed certain individual rights such as
right to trial by jury, outlawed cruel and unusual
punishment, limited the amount of bail money,
and gave citizens the right to appeal to the
monarchy
New Limits on Royal Power
• 1689 – James II landed in Ireland and led
an unsuccessful revolt
- English Protestants began excluding the
Catholic majority from government and
business
- Deepened the hatred Irish Catholics had
for English policies
• 1701 Act of Settlement – Excluded any
Catholic from inheriting the English throne