Transcript Absolutism wks 7 & 8

History of the Ancient and
Medieval World
Absolutism
Prussia, Austria & Russia
Walsingham Academy
Ms. Hockaday
Absolute Monarchs Foldable
Tabs
 Key Concepts of Absolute Monarchy
Pyramid
Austria & Prussia
Russia
England
Spain
France
Absolute Monarchs Foldable
• What are the KEY CONCEPTS of
Absolutism?
– Absolute Monarch
– Divine Right
– Balance of Power
– Dynasty
Absolute Monarchs Foldable
• Pyramid
God
King
Ministers, advisers,
secretaries, other
employees
Starter
Determine which statement below you agree
with THE MOST & explain WHY:
A government leader should never have absolute
authority
A government leader can exercise absolute
authority if it will help advance a country’s
economy
A government leader can exercise absolute
authority when a country is under attack
A government leader can exercise absolute
authority whenever it will advance a country’s
interests
The New Monarchies
• Machiavelli’s view of the successful ruler
– The prince: agent of change in state formation
– The need for unity, security and prosperity
• “How to” model: Absolutism emerges on continent
The monarch must break feudal ties to past
• What to look for in the successful state
The New Monarchies
(cont.)
• Church and nobility subordinated to monarch
• Bureaucracy to supervise royal policies
• Royal system of justice
• Royal monopoly on military power
• Dependable and adequate source of income
Winners and losers in early modern Europe
Thirty Years War (A Very Short Version)
• WHY did it start? Religion—the HRE was no longer holy,
Roman, OR an empire.
• WHEN- 1618-1648
• WHO- Catholic European Nations v. Protestant European
Nations
• WHAT- A series of wars; started in Bohemia b/c Ferdinand
(Catholic King) wanted to suppress the Protestants
• WHERE- HRE (see map)
• THE END- Peace of Westphalia: France gained land,
Hapsburgs lost land, Netherlands & Swiss Federation won
independence
Austria & Prussia Overview
 Hapsburg wants to add new lands
Too diverse (languages; customs; laws) and
divided by geography
Never developed a centralized govt.
 Key Individual:
Maria Theresa: 1st female ruler of Hapsburgs
lands
Challenged by Frederick II; Maria sought help
from Hungary, Britain and Russia (all did not want
Prussia to gain more land)
Accomplishments: improved tax collection (clergy
& nobles had to pay) & reorganized bureaucracy
Austria & Prussia Overview
 Hohenzollern Prussia a protestant state ruled
scattered states across northern Germany
Gained loyalty of nobles called Junkers
Gave them military & government positions
 Key Individual:
Frederick the Great: Ruthless leader who sought
to gain lands for Prussia by any means
Prussia and Austria will battle for German lands
Seven Years’ War French & Indian War
Review: Austria & Prussia
(Use your foldable & answer the following questions)
1)What is meant by “absolute monarch”?
2)What is meant by “divine right”?
3) Why did the Thirty Years War happen? What
ended the war?
4)Austria’s first _______ruler was: ________.
What were some of this ruler’s
accomplishments?
5)Frederick II was a ________ leader who
sought to gain lands for ________ by any
means.
Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to
Peter the Great
• Ivan IV (“the Terrible”) –crowned the first czar
(tsar) of Russia
– Weakens nobles (boyars) and Church with his
police force (Oprichniki)
– Kills #1 son + precipitates dynastic crisis
• Economic crisis ensues which leads to uprisings
• 40 Years pass. Enter:…
Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to
Peter the Great
 Key Individual: Peter the Great
– Young Peter hangs out & gets ideas.
– Peter goes on tour to the West—learns many things:
anatomy & about English Parliament
– Brings this back to Russia (this is called…?)
– Begins a process of westernization
– Russians oppose this, so Peter becomes autocratic
leader
– Accomplishments:
• Improved education
• Improved waterways & canals
• Built St. Petersburg
Russia: Catherine the Great
 Key Individual: Catherine the Great
– German princess married into the Romanov family
– Husband assassinated
– Also embraced westernization
– Increased serfdom and class division
– Accomplishments:
• Codified laws
• State-sponsored education for boys & girls
• Reorganized government positions
Review Russia- Identification
Which monarch improved
education for both boys and girls?
Which monarch built St.
Petersburg?
Which monarch improved the
waterways and canals?
Spain: Charles V
Key Individual: Charles V
Grandson of Ferdinand and Isabella
Ruled the Hapsburg (Included the Netherlands & the
Holy Roman Empires) Empire
Constantly fought to suppress Protestants
Abdicated the throne and joined a monastery
Gave Hapsburg lands to brother Ferdinand
Gave Spain , the Netherlands , some Italian
states, and Spain’s lands overseas to his son
Philip
Spain: Philip II
 Key Individual: Philip II
 Believed in divine right and that his greatest role was to defend
Catholicism
 Major enemy was the protestant Elizabeth I
 To defeat her he created the Spanish armada
 More than 130 ships, 20,000 men, 2,400 pieces of artillery
 Lighter, faster English ships were victorious
 Winds scattered the Armada & they lost
 Philip II’s successor’s were not as strong-willed or strategic as
he was
Decline of Spanish Empire
Beginning of the end for Spain—most of
the $ was spent on the Armada
Costly overseas ventures & wars drained
Spain’s economy
Expulsion of Muslims and Jews from Spain
cost the Spanish able workers
American silver & gold caused Inflation
Other Europeans challenged Spain’s
power
England: The Tudors &
Parliament
 The Tudors ruled from 1485-1603
 Henry VIII gained power through the Act of Supremacy
 The Tudors often worked with Parliament—giving them
more power
 Elizabeth I had a skill for working with Parliament and
was a popular and successful ruler, earning her the
nickname “Good Queen Bess”
 She died childless and her cousin James Stuart took the
throne
England: The Stuarts
 Key Individual: King James I (former King of Scotland)
 Believed in divine right
 Parliament disagreed & they constantly clashed over
James requesting funds for his lifestyle lavish & war
 Parliament wanted to discuss foreign policy so James
dissolved Parliament and collected taxes
 Clashed with dissenters called Puritans & threatened to
take their lands or worse
England: The Stuarts
 Key Individual: King Charles I (James’s son)
 Imprisoned anyone against him without a trial
 Needed Parliament’s help so they forced him to sign the
Petition of Right
 Prohibited king from raising taxes & imprisoning people w/out
Parliament’s consent
 King Charles signed but then dissolved Parliament
 11 yrs he ignored Parliament until he needed them BUT
they revolted
 This led to a Civil War in England between the Cavalier
(supporters of Charles I) & Roundheads (supporters of
Parliament)
 Eventually Parliament wins & executes Charles I
England: The Stuarts
 Key Individual: King Charles II (Charles’s son)
 Was well liked
 Reestablished the Church of England & encouraged religious
toleration of all Protestants
 Accepted Petition of Rights, but was a secret absolute monarch &
had sympathy for Catholics
 Key Individual: James II
 Practiced Catholicism openly
 Changed laws whenever he felt like it
 Parliament invited James’s Protestant daughter Mary & her husband
William III to become rulers of England
 When their army landed, James fled to France Glorious Revolution
England: William & Mary and the
English Bill of Rights
 Key Individuals: William and Mary
 Before they were crowned they had to accept the English Bill of
Rights (limited monarchy)
 Superiority of Parliament over the monarch
 House of Commons had “power of the purse”
 Barred Roman Catholics from sitting on the throne
 Reinstated traditional rights of citizens (trial by jury & habeus corpus)
 Toleration Act of 1689
 Only members of Anglican Church can hold public office
 Catholic not allowed religious freedom
 Limited religious freedom
Assignments:
 Read the selection from Don Quixote by Miguel
Cervantes (written during the Renaissance) on
page 509 and answer questions 1 & 2 (Thinking
Critically) in complete sentences.
 Read the selection from the English Bill of Rights
on page 524 and answer questions 1 & 2 (Thinking
Critically) in complete sentences.
 You may work on this with a partner and turn in one
sheet with both partners name on the paper.
 When you finish (this is due BY THE END OF
CLASS) complete your map which is also DUE
TODAY
 If you finish the above, work on tonight’s homework
or begin working on your project
Review Spain & England
1) Which king abdicated the throne?
2) Philip II created what fleet of ships in an effort
to defeat Elizabeth I? What was the outcome of
this?
3) What contributed to the decline of the Spanish
empire?
4) What was included in the Petition of Right?
5) What was the Glorious Revolution?
6) What were some items included in the English
Bill of Rights?
France: Henry IV
 Wars b/n the Catholic majority and Huguenots
raged through France
 Huguenot Henry IV took the throne and converted
to Catholicism but issued the Edict of Nantes to
protect Protestants
 Accomplishments:
 Had royal officials that administered judges
 Improved roads & built bridges
 Agriculture improved
 Decreased influence of nobles  Lead the foundation for
absolute monarchy
France: Influence of Others
 Key Individuals: Louis XIII & Cardinal Richelieu
 Louis XIII’s chief minister was Cardinal Richelieu
 The Cardinal made the central govt. stronger
 Gave nobles high posts at court & in the army (tying them to the
king)
 Hand picked his successor to ensure that the next chief minister
would continue to make the central government strong
 Read the Biography of Richelieu on page 511 & answer:
 What characteristics of Richelieu does the artist portray in this painting?
France: “L’etat c’est moi”
 Key Individual: Louis XIV
 Experienced disorder (Fronde), when Mazarin died,
Louis XIV ruled alone
 Took the sun as his symbol (agreed with his greatgrandfather Philip II’s style of ruling)
 Never called a meeting of the Estates General
 Appointed intendants (middle class men)
 Collected taxes
 Recruited soldiers & carried out policies in the provinces
 Finances
 Mercantilism
 Cleared land for farming
 Mined
 Overseas colonization
France: Versailles
 Louis XIV’s palace
 Most magnificent building in Europe
 Symbol of the Sun King’s wealth & power
 Court Ceremonies
 Levée (rising)
 Revitalized the arts
 New forms of dance, drama & ballet gained popularity at
French court
 Louis sponsored the French academies
France: Decline
 Ruled for 72 years
 Was the strongest state in Europe under Louis
XIV’s rule
 His wars drained France of their resources (The
War of Spanish Succession against England)
 Persecuting Huguenots
 Revoked the Edict of Nantes
 This group fled to other nations and the French economy took a blow
due to this loss of able workers
France: Reflection
 Read page 513 and respond to the Thinking
Critically Questions (1 & 2)
 Pick A Side:
 Was Louis XIV’s reign good for France? YES or NO?
 Support your response with at least THREE pieces of evidence
using your text or more information from the internet.
 Your response should be written in complete sentences.
Assignment 3: due Fri., 5/17
• Read text, pp. 530-535
• Complete Graphic
Organizer
• Identify all new terms
• Complete Map Skills
questions, pp 534
Peter the Great: St. Petersburg
Commissioned by Catherine the Great, statue shows Peter as
Roman hero (Consult NotesPage)
Assignment 4: due Tues., 5/21
• Answer Comprehension and Critical
Thinking questions, pp 535.
• Answer questions Thinking Critically,
Infographic, pp 532.
• Complete Map
• Auto-Test
Catherine The Great (as Minerva)
Patroness of Arts and Letters
“philosopher on throne”
Russia: Overland Voyages of Exploration
Winners and Losers
Explain
Winners
Losers
Austria
Poland
Prussia
Holy Roman Empire
Russia
Ottoman Empire
Sweden
Losing Out against Competition
• Weakening of Monarchy (HRE and Poland)
(It’s elective- why a bad idea?)
– Poland disappears in 1795 as a result of actions
by Russia, Austria and Prussia.
– Napoleon abolishes HRE in early 1800s. What a
long run – 800-1800 C.E.!
• Ottoman Empire: Leadership problems
(weak, decadent sultans) and falling behind
in especially military technology)
Winning States
Central/Eastern Europe
• In different ways, different degrees winners
establish “service” states which reward “compliant”
nobles and create new nobles. (almost no middle
class)
• Foreigners welcomed into state service- a
modernizing force
• Consciously imitating France, the benchmark
autocratic state
Big Future Issue: the Monarch vs. the State
Make-up Participation Grade
Identify and explain the significance of 5 of 6
terms
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Frederick II
War of Austrian Succession
Peace of Westphalia
Electors
Mercenaries
Maria Theresa