Transcript Unit 6 - Images

Unit 4
Mrs. Bell
Chapters 21 & 22
World History
Spain
• Charles V retired in 1556
• Split the Hapsburg Empire between his
brother Ferdinand and his son Philip II.
Ferdinand got control of central
Europe while Philip II got Southern
Italy, Spain, the Netherlands, and
Spain’s overseas Empire.
Charles V
Spain
• Philip II ruled from 1556 – 1598.
• Most powerful absolute monarch in
Spanish history
• He was(religious) Catholic and tried to
stop Protestantism.
• Tried to enlarge the Hapsburg Empire,
several costly wars.
• Cautious, hardworking, and
suspicious of others.
Spain
• Philip supported the Inquisition – a
church court set up to stamp out
heresy (denial of basic teachings of a
religion), for which people were usually
executed.
Spain
• 1567 - Philip II tried to impose Catholicism
on the Netherlands, but the Dutch
Protestants rebelled against the rule.
During a long and bloody war, the Dutch
declared their independence in 1581 while
the fighting continued. England gave
support to the Dutch by providing English
Sea Dogs.
• 1571 - Philip defeated the Ottoman Turks off
the coast of Greece in a naval battle.
Spain
• Elizabeth I (England’s Virgin Queen)
supported the Dutch and Philip II declared
her his enemy.
• 1586 – Philip planned to invade England
add it to the Spanish Empire and return it to
Catholicism.
• 130 ships and 33,000 men made up the
Spanish Armada (Armada – fleet of war
ships sent to carry out a mission). They did
not succeed in their mission; and this began
the decline of the Spanish navy forces and
hurt Spanish Pride.
Spain
• The period from 1550 to 1650 was called
Spain’s Siglo de Ora – Golden Century
(Century is a hundred years)
• Miguel de Cervantes wrote about Don
Quixote – a new kind of hero used by the
author to make fun of medieval chivalry.
• As Spain started to decline in its power, the
Muslims and Jews were expelled from the
country.
• Charles II became King in 1665 and was the
last of the Spanish Hapsburgs (Weak and
had no heirs).
France
• King Henry IV founded the Bourbon Dynasty
in 1589 and maintained an absolute
monarchy.
• He was a protestant, but converted to
Catholicism in 1593.
• He issued the Edict of Nantes in 1598 to
reassure the Huguenots (the name given to
the Protestants in France) that they had the
same civil rights as Catholics.
King Henry IV
France
• Edict helped end religious strife and
enabled France to rebuild itself.
• Henry restored the Crown’s treasury,
repaired roads and bridges, and
supported trade
• Henry was assassinated in 1610; and
his 9-year-old son Louis XIII became
King.
France
• Louis’s mother took control for the next
seven years
• Louis took control and had his mother
exiled from court.
• Later he gave his power to one of his
advisors: Cardinal Richelieu.
France
• He then proceeded to take away the
rights of the Huguenots as given to
them in the Edict of Nantes.
• In 1625, radical Huguenots revolted
against Louis XIII.
• They were defeated
France
• The Cardinal began to build France up
as the supreme European power
• Promoted French as the preferred
language of European diplomacy and
culture.
• Skepticism –Intellectual movement –
nothing can be known for certain
• Birth of the essay – new form of
literature, person’s opinion
France
• Louis XIV (the most powerful Bourbon
monarch) became King in 1643 at the age
of 5. “I am the State”
• France was ruled by his mother, Anne of
Austria, and Cardinal Mazarin.
• When Mazarin died in 1661, Louis
announced he would run his own
government. He was 23.
• He ruled for 72 years, the longest reign in
European history.
Louis XIV
France
• Known as the Sun King
• Louis had a grand palace built outside
of Paris at Versailles, (The Palace of
Versailles)
• The palace represented power, wealth
and the glory of France.
• As many as 10,000 people lived there,
and Louis felt safe.
France
• He also, stripped the nobles of all their
powers (such as appointing local officials,
collecting taxes, creating alliances with
foreign governments).
• They had only their social prestige left.
• He then appointed special agents of the
crown (non-nobles called intendants), since
he felt they would not challenge the
authority of the king.
France
• In exchange for ending his nobles’ powers,
he freed them from taxation and sold them
offices.
• He chose his top advisors from the middle
class, not the nobility.
• The poor carried most of the tax burden,
not the nobility, clergy, or government
officials.
• Minister of finance Jean Baptiste Colbert
France
• Louis regarded the Huguenots as a
threat to his absolute monarchy
• Wanted them to accept Catholicism to
show their loyalty to the throne.
• In 1685, the Edict of Nantes was
repealed.
• They could no longer practice their
religion and their children had to
become Catholic.
France
• 200,000 Huguenots left and went to
the Netherlands, England and
America,
• Europe was worried about the Spanish
throne because Charles II would die
with no heir and a fight for the throne
could result. He left a will and stated
the whole Spanish empire would go to
Louis XIV, grandson Philip of Anjou.
France
• This led to The War of the Spanish
Succession from 1701-1713.
• England, the Netherlands and Austria were
against France and Spain.
• Peace came with the Treaty of Utrecht in
1713.
• England and the Netherlands recognized
Philip V as King of Spain on the condition
that France and Spain could never be under
one crown. Louis XIV died in 1715.
Central Europe
• The Hapsburgs tried to setup an absolute
monarchy in Central and Eastern Europe.
(Ferdinand)
• Germany agreed each prince would
determine his lands religion
• 1618-1648 – The Thirty Years War was over
religion & territory, and all major powers
were involved except England. (France
aided Protestants)
• Referred to as the first World War
• Worst Disaster since the Plague-4 million
German States
• The Peace of Westphalia 1648 ended the
war, recognized Calvinism as an official
religion, and divided the Holy Roman
Empire into 300+ states,
• France, Italy, & Spain –Catholic
• Germany, England , Scandinavia-Protestant
• France took over as major power in the
world (Not Spain)
• Hapsburg got Austria and Bohemia.
Austria
• 1740 – Maria Theresa ascended to the
throne of Austria.
• Women were not allowed to rule, so
her father, Charles VI, convinced the
other European monarchs to accept a
pragmatic sanction in 1718.
• She had no training, but did quite well
as she improved tax collection and
roads, and encouraged exports.
Maria Theresa
Prussia
• New state north of Germany
• Known as the Great Elector, the first Hohenzollern
monarch was Frederick William.
• His descendants moved toward an absolute
monarchy by buying the help of the Junkers (gave
them the exclusive right to be officers in his army).
• Frederick William (1713-1740) was a powerful
leader. He united all functions of the Prussian
government into one bureaucracy with himself in
control.
* Known as the Royal Drill Sergeant, he devoted his
life to the Prussian army and made it an efficient
fighting force. He preferred tall soldiers because he
liked a regiment of giants.
Frederick William I
Prussia
• Frederick William II – In 1740, he became King of
Prussia.
• Known as Frederick the Great as he rejected
Austria’s pragmatic Sanction and seized the
Austrian province of Silesia.
• This became know as the conflict called the War
of the Austrian Succession.
• In 1748, the European powers signed the Treaty of
Aix-la-Chapelle.
• This treaty recognized Prussia’s rise as an
important nation. Also, Frederick was allowed to
keep Silesia. Maria Theresa was able to hold the
rest of her domains in Austria, Hungary, and
Bohemia.
Frederick II
Prussia
• The Seven Years War, caused by War of
Austrian Sucession(1756 – 1763)
• was a worldwide conflict in which Great
Britain (the union of England and Scotland)
and Prussia were allied against Austria,
France, Russia, and others.
• Eventually, the war ended with no territorial
changes in Europe, Britain winner
Russia
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Russia 1500-1800
Made tremendous territorial gains
Became a major European power
In 1764, the Ukraine came under
Russian control.
• Poland’s power weakened by the
1600’s and, by the late 1700’s, it was
divided among Prussia , Austria, &
Russia
Russia
• Ivan IV (the Terrible or the Awesome) ruled from
1533-1584 (became czar at the age of 3). The most
powerful of the early czars, he was learned,
religious, cruel, and saw treason everywhere.
• He exiled or executed many close advisors and
friends, and even killed his own son 1581.
• He worked against the Boyars (nobles) to reduce
their threat to the throne. His Opprichniki (secret
police) terrorized the country.
• Ivan increased trade and expanded his borders,
made an unsuccessful war against Poland,
Lithuania, and Sweden.
Ivan the Terrible
Russia
• Ivan’s death in 1584 brought the “time
of troubles.”
• 1589-1613 - Nobles feuded over the
throne, peasant’s revolted, and foreign
invasions occurred.
• 1613 - Michael Romanov became the
Czar and began the Romanov
Dynasty, which lasted until 1917.
Russia
• Time of Troubles
• The Boyars (landowning nobles)
struggled for power
• Several czar’s mysteriously died.
• Peasants, traders, and adventurers
moved to Siberia to escape.
Peter the Great
• Peter I (1689-1725) was 7ft tall and believed in
knowledge (he found Russians limited). He learned
carpentry, surgery, and dentistry.
• He forced the nobility to adopt western ways
(women invited to social gatherings, men had to
shave or be fined).
• Russians were sent to learn: shipbuilding, naval
warfare, mathematics, and foreign language.
• He built a new capital named St Petersburg on the
marsh of the Neva River as a “Window to the
West.”
Peter the Great
• 1689 – Russia forced China to accept
Russian control.
• 1700’s – Vitus Bering claimed Bering Strait
(between Siberia and Alaska).
• In 1721, Russia defeated Sweden to control
the eastern Baltic region.
• He created new classes of nobles (called
Dvorianie). In return for government
services, they were allowed to own estates.
Westernization
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Introduced potatoes
Started a newspaper
Made people wear western fashions
Raised women's status
Advanced education
Tokugawa Ieyasu
• Completed the Unification of Japan
• Alternate attendance policy- Keep
Daimyo(like a medieval lord) in line
• Founded the Tokugawa
Shogunate(Dynasty of Shoguns)
• Feudal society –Shogun had all power
• Haiku poetry-3-line poetry(5-75syllables) & Kabuki Theater
Peter the Great
• Nobles were given full control over serfs (peasant
laborers) allowed to increase and collect new taxes.
Nobles did not pay taxes. He also strengthened
foreign affairs.
• 1725-1762 was a period with various weak
monarchs.
• Catherine the Great (1762-1796)
• Catherine II seized control from Peter III. She
believed people were born equal, released nobles
from government service, and considered releasing
serfs (there were more serfs than ever). Still,
conditions worsened for the serfs.
Catherine the Great
• She had a successful foreign policy,
significantly expanded Russia’s
borders, secured a warm water port on
the Baltic Sea, and used her Russian
army to defeat the Ottoman Turks.
• Catherine was one of the last great
absolute monarchs of the 1700’s. The
new ideas of liberty and equality would
be a challenge for them.
Catherine the Great
Scientific Revolution
• During the Reformation the scientific
Revolution began – mid 1500’s
• Scholars believed – Geocentric Theory –
earth center- Church taught
• Heliocentric Theory – Sun centered
– Copernicus developed – early 1500’s
– Contradicted religious views
– Did not publish –until year died 1543
Scientific Revolution
– Tycho Brahe's – movement of planets,
continued Copernicus work
– Planets revolve around sun in ellipses,
oval paths
– Proved Copernicus was correct
• Johannes Kepler - Protestant
– brilliant Mathematician, astronomer ,laws
of planetary motion -1601 proved
mathematically the planets move in
elliptical orbits.
Galileo
• Catholic and an Italian mathematician, astronomer, and
physicist
• In 1609. he built his own telescope and observed the
sky.
• March 1610 published The Starry Messenger.
• In 1632, he published more ideas in another book that
the Catholic Church banned because it went against
their ideas.
• Because of threats of torture and death, he recanted
some of his statements.
• He, however, continued his work and helped come up
with the universal laws of physics (such as the law of
inertia, which says an object is at rest unless acted upon
by another object).
• 1992 Catholic Church said officially he was correct!
Scientific Method
– Logical procedure for gathering info
and testing ideas
– Hypotheses are theories that attempt to
explain a set of facts and are tested by
study and observation.
– Copernicus was not able to prove his
ideas before his death because the
mathematics he needed was not
available. Sun center of universe
Scientific Method
• Francis Bacon – English philosopher
who helped with the scientific method.
• Rene Descartes– French philosopher
and mathematician, Analytical
Geometry
• Descartes believed truth must be
reached through observation and
experimentation.
• He doubted everything except himself
and stated, “I think, therefore I am.”
Isaac Newton
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said asking the right question is half the problem.
He studied at Cambridge University, had few friends and was
a below- average student.
He almost quit school; but one of his teachers recognized his
mathematical ability and began tutoring him.
In 1665, plague broke out and closed the school. He went
home to the farm where he was said to have seen an apple
fall,
an event which led him to propose the idea of gravity.
In 1687, he published his ideas in a book called Mathematical
Principles of Natural Philosophy, often called Principia.
To prove his theory, he developed calculus, a system of
mathematics that calculates changing forces or quantities.
Scientific Instruments
• 1590 - first microscope –Zacharias
Janssen(Eyeglass maker)
• 1643 – Torricelli -first mercury
barometer (weather predictor)
• 1714 – Gabriel Fahrenheit – first
mercury thermometer
• 1742 – Anders Celsius – thermometer
– freezing at 0
Scientific Revolution
• Andreas Vesalius –(anatomy had been studied
1000 years ago by Galen and only on dogs and
animals, )
• He went against the law and dissected human
bodies
• He published those discoveries in 1543 in a book
called On The Structure of the Human Body.
• Late 1700’s Edward Jenner – vaccine to prevent
smallpoxs
• William Harvey 100 years later discovered that
blood circulates throughout the body. The blood is
pumped by the heart to the body through arteries
and returned to the heart through the veins.
Scientific Revolution
• Robert Hooke - Using a newly invented
microscope, he discovered the cell, naming it after
the cell of a honeycomb and his law on elasticity
• Robert Boyle took Chemistry to a new level. He
criticized alchemists (people who practiced alchemy
or chemistry) for their age-old theory of the four
basic elements: air; fire; water; and earth. He said
in his book, The Skeptical Chymist, in 1661 that air
is not a basic element because it is a mixture of
several gases.
• He also defined an element as not being able to be
broken down into anything simpler.
Scientific Revolution
• Joseph Priestley – In 1774, this English chemist
and clergyman discovered the existence of oxygen.
His study of the properties of carbon dioxide
resulted in his invention of carbonated
water(seltzer).
• Antoine Lavoisier discovered that when objects
are burned, they consume oxygen. He also
discovered the nature of the combustion which
results from the chemical union of a flammable
material with oxygen.
• Marie Lavoisier helped her husband by learning
English and Latin so that she could translate books
and essays for him and make illustrations for him.
Big Ideas
Enlightenment in Europe
• A new intellectual movement that
stressed reason and thought and the
power of individuals to solve problems
• Age of Reason
• 1600-1700’s
Enlightenment in Europe
• Thomas Hobbes (Natural law – moral laws)
argued that he best form of government was
an absolute monarch.
• He said chaos would occur without it and
that people were naturally violent.
• He wrote a book called Leviathan in 1651.
He further believed people should form a
social contract with their ruler to give up
their freedom and be obedient to him, with
no right to rebel regardless of the
circumstances.
John Locke
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based his ideas on natural law, began his career
in 1667 died in 1704
he felt all people were reasonable and moral and
from birth had natural rights to life, liberty, and
property.
In Two Treaties of Government, he stated that the
government should protect the people’s rights,
government power should be limited and based on
what is permitted by the citizens.
Also, they could overthrow the government if
necessary.
American colonists based their desire for freedom
from Britain on these ideas. (Basis for modern
democracy)
Philosophes
• French thinkers, 1718
• Apply reason to all aspects of life
– 5 concepts –Reason, Nature, Happiness,
Progress, Liberty
Voltaire - 70+ books using satire to attack
his foes, fought for freedom of religion
and speech “I do not agree with a word
you say but will defend to the death
your right to say it.”
Philosophes
• Montesquieu –Smart in political matters,
• Wrote The Spirit of Laws in 1748
• Power should be equally divided within the
government, with three branches (legislative
branch to make the laws, judicial branch to
interpret the laws, and executive branch to
enforce the laws). He also believed in the
rights of the individual.
• He influenced the writing of the Constitution
of the US.
Philosophes
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau
• He believed human beings were good, but that
civilization was corrupting them.
• He advocated a return to nature.
• In 1762, he published Social Contract. It begins
“Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains…”
The right to rule rested with the people and they
had the right to create a government for the
common good. The basis of the government is a
social contract. People give up their individual
rights to the general will of the majority. For Direct
Democracy
• Even if you oppose something, you still have to
accept it if the majority wants it. Social Contract
has influenced democratic thought today.
Enlightenment
• Thomas Jefferson based much of the Declaration
of Independence on Locke’s ideas about the social
contract and the right of the people to overthrow the
government if it was unjust.
• Hugo Grotius was a Dutch jurist who believed that
one set of international codes or rules could reduce
the dealings between governments and create a
system of order.
• William Penn was the founder of the Quaker
colony of Pennsylvania. He believed in Pacifism
(opposition to war or violence in the settling of
disputes). Penn advocated an assembly of nations
committed to world peace.
New Ideas
• Deism – Members of the middle and upper
classes turned away from traditional
religious views in the 1700’s.
• Deism swept through Europe and America.
Deists believed in God, but denounced
organized religion (church authority &
Rituals).
• Deism was intended to construct a simpler
religion based on reason and natural law.
Atheism is the belief that God does not
exist.
Women during Enlightenment
• Improve status of women
• Mary Astell- lack of education
• MARY Wollstonecraft – Vindication of
the Rights of Woman -1792
Enlightenment Spreads
• Salons – France, and Paris especially, was the most
active center of ideas in Europe.
• Intellectuals gathered either in salons or the homes of
wealthy patrons, writers, artists, and/or educated people
of the growing middle class, who now mingled with
nobility.
• Madame Pompadour ran many of the salons and was
Louis XV’s mistress. She was intelligent and charming.
• Denis Diderot was the editor of the Encyclopedia,
which was first published in 1751. The 28 volumes
covered everything: science; technology; history; and
pictures. The books criticized both the Church and the
government. The Catholic Church banned the book;
and he was imprisoned for writing the book
Enlightenment Ideas
• Enlightened despots were rulers who
sought to incorporate enlightenment
ideas into their government while still
maintaining their own power (such as
Prussia’s Frederick II).
• Catherine II of Russia praised it, but
did not use it.
New Ideas
• Maria Theresa of Austria introduced humanitarian
ideas by freeing all serfs who worked on her estate and
setting up elementary schools. Her son, Joseph II,
continued her use of humanitarian ideas by abolishing
serfdom altogether, making land taxes equal, and taking
money from the Catholic Church and to give to
hospitals. Most of these reforms failed.
• Classical Movement – Art changed from baroque style
to simple Greek and Roman circles and squares
Neoclassical (rather than swirls),
• music became lighter and more elegant, and the violin
was perfected which changed the sound of both modern
orchestra and chamber music. Johann Bach, Joseph
Haydn, and Wolfgang Mozart (who died at 36 leaving
600 works behind) were the top musicians of the era.
New Ideas
• Immanuel Kant - A German thinker who believed
in metaphysics (the existence of God). He said that
physical reason and spiritual reason were separate
and that, even though you could not prove the
spiritual, it could be taken on faith they were true.
• John Wesley founded Methodism, a religious
movement in England. He stressed the value of a
personal religious experience.
• Romanticism was a cultural movement based on
emotion and the individual. These developments
ended the age of enlightenment. Lower classes
began demanding more realism!