Transcript AKS 42: Absolutism and Enlightenment

AKS 42: Absolute Monarchs
Chapter 21 – PAGES 589-617
Chapter 22.2 & 22.3 – PAGES 629-639
France
Background:
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Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
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1st king of Bourbon Dynasty
Converted to Catholicism
Devoted reign to rebuilding France & its prosperity
Edict of Nantes
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Issued by Henry
Huguenots could live in peace in France & set up
their own houses of worship in certain cities
France
Background:
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Cardinal Richelieu
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No walls in Protestant cities
Weakened power of nobles by ordering them to
take down their castles & by increasing the power
of government agents
“I am the state.”
France
- Louis XIV
Louis XIV (14th) Comes to Power (4 yrs old ):
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France suffered from
riots by nobles – Louis’
life threatened at times
Louis never forgot
fear/anger – vowed to
be so strong nobles
could never threaten
him again
So distinguished
France
Louis XIV Comes to Power:
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Jean Baptiste Colbert:
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Made France economic power in Europe
Followed mercantilism – making France selfsufficient
Expanded & protected French industry
Encouraged migration to Canada to increase the
fur trade profits
France
Sun King’s Grand Style:
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Controls Nobility
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Nobles expected to be at Palace at Versailles – if
not, incomes & social status were decreased
Made nobility totally dependant on Louis
Patron of the Arts
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Increased the popularity of the opera & ballet
Supported writers
Promoted art that glorified monarchy & supported
absolute rule
IMPRESSIVE, BUT
COSTLY!!!
France
Disastrous Wars and Legacy:
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Expansion
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Wanted to expand borders – succeeded at first
Enemy Countries banded together to match
France’s strength – balance of power
France
Disastrous Wars and Legacy:
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War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)
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Charles II of Spain died – throne went to Louis’
grandson – Spain & France now ruled by French
Bourbon kings
Treaty that ended war allowed Louis’ grandson to
stay in power as long as thrones of Spain &
France were not united
Big winner - Great Britain:
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Took the Strait of Gibraltar – great for trade!!!
Increased involvement in slave trade
France
Disastrous Wars and Legacy:
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Death and Legacy:
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People rejoiced at news of Louis’ death
Positive Legacy:
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Military leader of Europe
Ranked above all others in art, lit., statesmanship
Negative Legacy:
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War & construction of Palace at Versailles = massive debt
Tax burden by poor & Louis’ abuse of power would plague
his heirs & set stage for revolution
Russia
The First Czar:
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Ivan the Terrible
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Wow,
he’s ugly
1st to call himself “czar”
1547-1560 – “good period” – won victories, added
lands, code of laws, ruled justly
Terror
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1560-1584 – “bad period” – Ivan accused boyars
(Russian nobles) of poisoning his wife, Anastasia
Using secret police – Ivan executed boyars, their
families, & peasants who worked their land
1581 – Ivan killed his oldest son – this left only the
weak son to rule
Russia
The First Czar:
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Romanovs:
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Mikey!!! 
Ivan’s weak son died –
creating a period of turmoil
with no leader
1613 – leaders from
Russian cities met to
choose the next czar – they
chose Michael Romanov
This begins the Romanov
Dynasty (1613-1917)
Russia
Czar Peter the Great:
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Russia Different Than Europe:
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Russians had looked to Constantinople for
leadership
Mongols & geographic barriers had cut Russia off
from the ideas of the Renaissance & the Age of
Exploration
Religious Differences –
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Russia was Eastern Orthodox
Western Europe was mostly Catholic or Protestant
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Russians viewed them all as heretics
Russia
Czar Peter the Great:
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Peter Visits West:
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Peter believed Russia’s future
depended on having warmwater port
1697 – The “Grand Embassy”
took a long visit to Western
Europe
Their goal was to learn about
European customs and
manufacturing techniques
Russia
Peter Rules Absolutely:
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Reforms:
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- Czar Peter the Great
Brought Russian Orthodox Church under state
control
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“For you know yourself that,
though a thing be good and
necessary, our people will not do it
unless forced to.”
Decreased power of great landowners
Modernized army by hiring European officers who
drilled soldiers in European tactics with European
weapons
Paid for army with heavy taxes
Russia
Peter Rules Absolutely:
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Westernization:
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Introduction of potatoes
Started 1st newspaper
Increased women’s status
Ordered nobles to adopt Western fashion
Advanced Education –
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Peter believed this was key to Russia’s progress
Russia
Peter Rules Absolutely:
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St. Petersburg:
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Wanted a warm-water seaport so it would be
easier to travel to Western Europe
Fought Sweden for land on Baltic Sea
Had St. Petersburg built on a piece of swampy
land
Estimated 25,000 – 100,000 people died in the
effort to build it
England
Defying Parliament:
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James I (1603-1625):
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Struggled w/ Parliament over
the debt left behind by Queen
Elizabeth I.
He became the 1st Monarch to
rule both England & Scotland
at the same time.
Agreed to a new translation of
the Bible
England
Defying Parliament:
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 Charlie!
Charles I (1625-1649):
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Charles I was forced to sign the Petition of Right:
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Petition of Rights said that Charles I could:
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Not imprison subjects without due cause
Not levy taxes w/o Parl.’s consent
Not house soldiers in private homes
Not impose martial law during peacetime
This set forth the idea that the power of the LAW
was higher than the power of the KING
England
English Civil War (1642-1649):
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Background/Causes:
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Parliament passed laws to limit royal power,
outraging the King
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The King then arrested Parliament leaders & a mob
began to form.
The mob was split in two:
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Royalists/Cavaliers: People loyal to Charles
Roundheads: Puritan supporters of Parliament
England
English Civil War (1642-1649):
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Result:
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Roundheads win
Oliver Cromwell:
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Roundhead General
Tried, beheaded Charles I for treason - 1649
Established a Commonwealth, which is a republic form of
government
Spain
Spanish Empire:
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“His smile and his dagger were very
close.” - Phillip’s court historian
Philip II:
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Philip II Seized Portugal
because their was no heir to
the throne
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Philip II now ruled an empire
that circled the globe
Empire gave him lots of
wealth
His duty was to defend
Catholicism.
Spain
Defeat of Spanish Armada:
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Background:
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Philip launched the
Spanish Armada
(AKA the Spanish
Navy) in an attempt
to punish Protestant
England & Queen
Elizabeth I (who
supported Protestant
subjects who had
rebelled against
Philip).
Spain
Defeat of Spanish Armada:
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What Happened:
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Spanish Armada defeated
Impact:
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Seriously weakened Spain
Spain
Spanish Art and Literature:
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El Greco (“the Greek”):
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Diego Velasquez:
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His art was unusual & helped to illustrate thedeep
Catholic faith of Spain
Painter for the Royal Court of King Philip IV of
Spain
Cervantes:
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Miguel de Cervantes’ novel: Don Quixote de la
Mancha (1605)
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Considered the birth of the modern European novel
Spain - Empire Weakens:
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Inflation:
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Two causes:
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Spain’s pop. increased
Silver bullion flooded the market, made it lose value
Taxes:
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Spain’s nobles didn’t pay taxes
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Created a burden on the lower classes
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They never developed a middle class
Bankruptcy:
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To finance wars = Spanish kings borrowed money
from German & Italian bankers
Philip had to declared Spain bankrupt three times
Spain - Dutch Revolt and Dutch Prosper:
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1566  Philip raised taxes in the Netherlands &
tried to crush Calvinism  Dutch revolted.
1579  The 7 Northern Provinces of the Protestant
Netherlands, united & declared their indpendence
from Spain.
Dutch Art:
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Rembrandt – painted portraits of wealthy middle-class
merchants
Dutch Trade:
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Stability of gov’t  concentration on econ. growth
Dutch East India Trading Company – dominated Asian
spice trade
Prussia
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
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Causes:
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Lutheran & Catholic Princes tried to gain followers
in Prussia
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Split in 2 leagues: Protestant Union & Catholic League
Spark:
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Ferdinand II (Holy Roman Emperor) closed some
Protestant churches  Protestants in Bohemia revolted
Prussia
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
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Hapsburg Wins:
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During the first 12 yrs  Hapsburg armies
crushed troops hired by Protestant Princes
Hapsburg Losses:
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Protestants drove Hapsburg armies out of North
Germany
Prussia
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
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Peace (Treaty) of Westphalia:
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Weakened Hapsburgs States of Spain & Austria
Strengthened France by giving them German terr.
Made German Princes Independent of the Holy
Roman Empire
Ended religious wars in Europe
Created a new method of reaching peace
negotiations
Prussia
Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)
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Results:
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Trade & agriculture were disrupted
Germany’s economy was ruined
Treaty recognized Europe as a group of equal,
independent states
Beginning of modern state system
Austria
Grows Stronger:
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Austrian Hapsburgs re-conquered Bohemia
and wiped out Protestants living there.
Created a centralized government & created
a standing army
Austria - Maria Theresa:
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Charles VI convinced all
of the leaders of Europe
to sign an agreement
stating that his daughter,
Maria Theresa, was heir
to all Hapsburg territories
They thought agreement
would bring peace,
instead she faced yrs of
war  her main enemy
was Prussia
Prussia
Rise:
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Army of 80,000 men paid for with permanent
taxation
Weakened representative assemblies of their
territories
Gave the Junkers (Prussia’s landowning
nobility) the exclusive right to be officers in
his army  Causing Prussia to become a
rigidly controlled, militaristic society
Prussia
Frederick the Great:
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Military policies,
softened some laws
Encouraged religious
toleration & legal
reform
Said that “a ruler
should be a father to
his people”
“…the fundamental role of
governments is the principle of
extending their territories.”
- Frederick the Great
Prussia
War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
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War over Silesia  bordered Prussia
Hungary & Britain helped Maria Theresa 
stopped Prussian aggression
Prussia became major European power
Prussia
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
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Fought in Europe, India, & North America
No change in territory in Europe
British real victors
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France lost colonies in North America
Britain gained sole econ. domination in India