Transcript Absolutism in France

Theory of Absolutism
• Rulers wanted to be absolute monarchs, kings
or queens who held all the power within their
boundaries
• Their goal was to control every aspect of
society
• They believed in divine right, the idea that
God created the monarchy and that the
monarch acted as God’s representative on
Earth
Absolutism in Spain
Chapter 21 Section 1
Philip II
• The son of Charles V
inherited Spain, the
Spanish Netherlands, and
the American Colonies
from his father
• Very hard working and
deeply religious (Catholic)
• He was deeply suspicious
and trusted no one
• “His smile and his dagger
were very close.” –Court
Historian
Philip Controls Portugal
• More than anything,
Phillip was very
aggressive
• In 1580, Philip seized
Portugal’s throne after
the King, his uncle, died
without an heir
• With Portugal came its
strongholds in Africa,
India, and the East
Indies
Philip’s Empire Provides Wealth
• By 1600, American mines had provided him with an
estimated 339,000 pounds of gold
• From 1550 to 1650 nearly 16,000 tons of silver were
unloaded from Spanish ships
• The King claimed between a fourth and a fifth of
every shipload as his royal share
• Spain was able to support
an army of over 50,000 men
Religious War in Europe
• Philip believed it was his duty to defend Catholicism
against the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire and the
Protestants of Europe
• In 1571, Philip sent a fleet of 200 Spanish and
Venetian ships into battle
• They defeated a large
Ottoman Army near
Lepanto (Greece)
Religious War in Europe
• In 1588, Philip launched
the Spanish Armada in
attempt to punish
Protestant England and
its queen, Queen
Elizabeth I
• However, the Spanish
Armada was defeated
by the English Monarch
English Defeat Spanish Armada
Golden Age of Spanish Art
and Literature
Spain’s great wealth during this time helped
spark the Golden Age of Spanish Art and
Literature…
El Greco “The Greek”
• Real name was
Domenikos
Theotokopoulos
• He chose brilliant
sometimes clashing
colors in his paintings
• He also distorted the
human figure and
expressed emotion
symbolically
El Greco’s Holy Trinity
• His pieces showed the
deep Catholic faith of
Spain (painted saints
and martyrs)
Diego Velazquez
• Paintings reflected the
pride of Spanish
monarchy
• He was the court
painter for Philip IV of
Spain
• He is best known for his
portraits of the royal
family and scenes of
court life
Diego Velazquez’s Las Meninas
• Depicts King Philip
IV’s daughter and
her attendants
Miguel de Cervantes
• Published Don Quixote
in 1605
• This publication is often
called the birth of the
modern European novel
• This novel is about a
poor Spanish noble boy,
Don Quixote, who reads
too many books about
heroic knights
Excerpt from Don Quixote
“He rushed with [his horse’s] utmost speed
upon the first windmill he could come at, and,
running, his lance into the sail, the wind
whirled about with such swiftness, that the
rapidity of the motion presently broke the
lance into shivers, and hurled away both
knight and horse along with it, till down he
fell, rolling a good way of in the field.”
Don Quixote
• Some antics believe he
was mocking chivalry,
the knightly code of the
middle ages
• Some antics believe this
novel is about an
idealistic person,
frustrated with the
materialistic world he is
living in, longing for the
romantic past
Empire Weakens
• Wealth in Spain also contributed to the cause of
some long-term economic problems
• Inflation- decline in the value of money,
accompanied by the rise in the prices of goods
and services
• Inflation in Spain had two main causes:
1. Spain’s population had been growing. More demand
= Higher Prices
2. As silver flooded the market, its value dropped.
More silver needed to buy things
Other Causes of Weakening Empire:
• Spain expelled Jews and Moors (Muslims) around
1500; therefore, Spain lost many valuable
artisans and businessmen
• Spain’s nobles did not have to pay taxes;
therefore, tax burden fell upon the lower classes
• Spain’s population bought its needs from other
countries due to higher prices in Spain set up by
guilds
• To finance its wars, Spain borrowed from German
and Italian bankers so much of the silver and gold
were sent overseas to pay off debts
Dutch Break Away from Spanish
Control
• In 1579, the seven northern provinces of the
Netherlands, which were Protestant, united
and declared independence from Spain (The
United Provinces of the Netherlands)
• The ten southern provinces (present day
Belgium) were Catholic and remained under
Spanish control
1658 Map of Republic of Seven United Netherlands
The Dutch Prosper
• The United Provinces
were not a kingdom but
a republic (each
province had an elected
governor)
• During the 1600’s the
Netherlands thrived like
Italy had during the
1400’s (Renaissance)
• Rembrandt and Jan
Vermeer
The Dutch Prosper
• The stability in Dutch
government allowed
them to focus on
economic growth
• The Dutch East India
Company dominated
the Asian and Indian
Ocean trade
Absolutism in France
Chapter 21 Section 2
Religious Tension in France
Between 1562 and 1598 Huguenots
(Protestants) and Catholics fought eight
religious wars in France...
Henry IV
• In 1589, Prince Henry IV
became the first king of
the Bourbon Dynasty in
France
• He was a Protestant but
converted to
Catholicism
• He declared, “Paris is
well worth a mass.”
Edict of Nantes
• Edict of Nantes- In 1598
he declared that the
Huguenots (Protestants)
could live in peace in
France and worship as
they wished
• Henry was devoted to
rebuilding France and its
prosperity
Louis XIII
• Louis XIII, Henry’s son,
ruled after his
assassination
• He was a weak King but
in 1624 he appointed a
strong minister, Cardinal
Richelieu
• Cardinal Richelieu was
in effect the ruler of
France
Cardinal Richelieu
1. He moved against the
Huguenots
-allowed Protestantism
-did not allow walls to
be built in their cities
2. He weakened the
power of the nobles
Cardinal Richelieu
• He wanted to make
France the most powerful
state in Europe
• He believed the greatest
obstacle was the
Hapsburg rulers whose
lands surrounded France
(Spain, Austria, the
Netherlands, and parts of
the Holy Roman Empire)
Hapsburg Lands
The Hapsburgs lands were in areas that
surrounded France…
Cardinal Mazarin
• Louis XIV came to
power in 1643 as a
young boy
• Cardinal Mazarin
controlled France until
his death in 1661 when
Louis was 22
• Mazarin had increased
taxes and strengthened
the government like
Richelieu had done
Louis XIV
• At times, the nobles
threatened the young
kings life
• Louis never forgot this
fear for his life and was
determined to become
so strong that they
could not threaten him
again
Louis XIV
• Continued to weaken
power of the nobles
• Thus increased power of
central government
• He appointed intendants
who collected taxes and
administered justice
• He made sure these
people communicated
regularly with him
Louis XIV
Louis XIV was known as the Sun King and made
his power and prestige known throughout
France.
How did he display his power and prestige?
(“The Sun Kings Grand Style” Page 599)
Palace at Versailles
Jean Baptiste Colbert
• Louis wanted to help
France attain economic,
political, and cultural
brilliance
• He appointed Jean
Baptiste Colbert as his
minister of finance
We must always take heed that we buy no more
from strangers than we sell them, for so
should we impoverish ourselves and enrich
them.“
-Queen Elizabeth (England)
France: Self Sufficient
• Colbert believed in the
theory of mercantilism
• Making France selfsufficient and keeping
wealth in the country
• Government funds and
tax benefits were given to
French companies
• High tariffs were placed
on goods from other
countries
French Colonization
• Colbert also recognized
the importance of
colonies
• Provided raw materials
and a market for
manufactured goods
• The French government
encouraged people to
migrate to France’s
colony in Canada
Huguenot’s Lose Religious Freedoms
• After Colbert’s death in 1685, Louis canceled
the Edict of Nantes which protected religious
freedom of Huguenots
• In response, Huguenot artisans and
businessmen fled the country robbing France
of many skilled workers
In 1660, France had about 20 million people
(Four times England and Ten times Dutch
Republic)
The French Monarch wanted to continue to
expand throughout Europe…
France Invades Spanish Netherlands
• In 1667, Louis invaded the
Spanish Netherlands
• The Dutch opened up its
dikes
• The war ended in 1678
with the Treaty of
Nijmegen
• France gained several
towns and a region called
Franche-Comte
European-Wide Alliance vs. France
• Louis decided to fight
additional wars to gain
lands
• By the 1680’s a
European-wide alliance
had formed to stop
France
• By banding together,
these weaker, smaller
countries could match
France’s strength
War of Spanish Sucession
• In 1700, Charles II, King of
Spain, died
• He had promised his
throne to Louis XIV’s
grandson, Philip of Anjou
• The two greatest powers
in Europe, who were
enemies for so long, were
now both ruled by the
French Bourbons
War of Spanish Succession
• Countries throughout
Europe were not happy
with this union (France
and Spain) and in 1701
came together
• This struggle became
known as the War of
the Spanish Succession
Treaty of Utrecht
• 1714-The Treaty
of Utrecht was
signed
• Allowed Philip to
remain King of
Spain as long as
the two thrones
were not united
Treaty of Utrecht
1. Britain received the Strait of Gibraltar
2. British company was granted permission by
Spain to send slaves to Spain’s American
colonies
3. France gave Britain the colonies of Nova
Scotia and Newfoundland as well as
abandoned claims to the Hudson Bay region
Louis left a mix legacy in France after
his death in 1715
Positives
• France had become a
force to be reckoned
with: a strong military,
the leader in arts,
literature, and business
• France had also
developed a strong
empire of colonies
Negatives
• Constant war and the
construction of the
Palace at Versailles
plunged France into a
great deal of debt
• Resentment over taxes
would also plague his
heirs
Absolutism
30 Years War, Austria,
and Prussia
Chapter 21 Section 3
Peace of Augsburg
• For a short period of
time Germany had
appeared to have
settled its religious
differences with the
Peace of Augsburg
(1555)
• Each Prince could
determine the religion
of his subjects
• Rejected Calvinism
Protestants and Catholics
• Both sides continue to gain followers
• Both sides also felt threatened by Calvinism
• In 1608, the Lutherans joined together
creating the Protestant Union
• In 1609, the Catholics joined together creating
the Catholic League
• It would now take only a spark to set off war…
Leading up to War
• The spark came in 1618
• Ferdinand II (Hapsburg)
who was the future Holy
Roman Emperor, for the
time ruled the Czech
kingdom of Bohemia
• The Protestants in
Bohemia did not trust
Ferdinand who was a
Catholic and a foreigner
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
• Ferdinand closed some
Protestant churches
• The peasants revolted
in Bohemia
• Several Protestant
German Princes joined
the effort to challenge
the Catholic emperor
• War broke out
Thirty Years War (1618-1648)
The War can be divided into 2 Phases:
1. Hapsburg Victories
2. Hapsburg Defeats
Hapsburg Victories (First 12 Years)
• Hapsburg armies from
Austria and Spain
crushed troops hired by
Protestant Princes
• Ferdinand II paid his
army by allowing them
to plunder or rob the
German villages
Hapsburg Defeats (Last 18 Years)
• The Protestants, led by
Gustavus Adolphus of
Sweden shifted the tide
of war in 1630
Battle of Breitenfeld 1631
Richelieu and Mazarin
• Though Catholic
themselves, these
Cardinals feared the
Hapsburgs more than
the Protestants
• They did not want other
European rulers to have
as much power as the
French King
Peace of Westphalia (1648)
• Weakened the
Hapsburgs
• Strengthened France by
awarding it German
territory
• Made German Princes
independent of the
Holy roman emperor
• Ended religious war in
Europe
Legacy of Thirty Years War
**The war did great damage to Germany, its
population, and its economy
***Marked the beginning of the modern state
system in Europe…each independent
Western Europe vs. Central Europe
Western Europe is going to develop
economically and politically much quicker that
central and eastern Europe.
-This was due to legacy of feudalism
-Serfs were able to move to towns and be apart
of the middle class in the West
-Not the case in Central Europe. Serfs were
limited by land owning nobles
Hapsburgs in Austria
• This ruling family took
power, created an
absolute monarchy in
Austria
– Re-conquered Bohemia in
30 Years War
– Wiped out Protestantism
there and created new
Czech nobility
– Centralized government
and created an army
– Recaptured Hungary by
1699 from the Ottomans
Charles VI
• Became the Hapsburg
ruler in in 1711
• Ruling this empire was
difficult as it was very
diverse
• Only the fact that he
wore the Austrian,
Hungarian, and
Bohemian crowns kept
the empire together
Keeping Lands…
• Tried to figure out a way
to insure that the
Hapsburgs would
continue to rule all of
these lands…
• Solution: He persuaded
other European leaders
to sign an agreement
recognizing his
daughter, Maria
Theresa as his heir to
these lands
Maria Theresa
• In theory this meant
she would reign
peacefully
• However, she would
face years of war
• Her main enemy was
Prussia to the north
Prussia
• Its ruling family were
the Hohenzollerns
• In 1640, Fredrick
William inherited the
title elector of
Brandenburg
• Became known as the
“Great Elector”
Fredrick William
• Believed it necessary for
Prussia to built up an
army
• To protect their lands, he
and his decedents moved
toward an absolute
monarchy
• Every descendent after
Fredrick William would be
titled “King” or “Queen”
• Built a strong army and
introduced taxation
King Fredrick William I
• The Junkers, land owning
nobility, did not approve
of the King’s growing
power
• King Fredrick William I
bought their cooperation
• Appointed them as
officers in the army
• Prussia became a highly
militaristic society
Fredrick the Great
• He followed his father’s
militaristic policies
when it came to power
• He did soften some of
his father’s laws
• He encouraged religious
toleration and legal
reform
• He believed a ruler
should be like a father
to his people
“A prince…is only the first servant of the state,
who is obliged to act with probity [honesty]
and prudence…As the sovereign is properly
the head of the family of citizens, the father of
his people, he out on all occasions to be the
last refuge of the unfortunate.”
Page 607
Explain the Austrian Succession. Who was it
between? What were the results?
Explain the Seven Years’ War. Who was it
between? What were the results?
Seven Years War (1756-1763)
• Both Prussia and Austria emerged as absolute
monarchs after the 30 Years War
• Austria would eventually ally with France and
Russia while Prussia would ally with Britain
• This would spark the Seven Years War
• The war did not change anything in Europe
but is significant because it gave over France’s
land in North America and India to Great
Britain
Absolutism-Russia
Chapter 21 Section 4
Ivan IV or “Ivan the Terrible”
• Struggled for power
with the boyars, landowning nobles in Russia
• At age 16 seized power
for himself
• First ruler in Russia to
be crowned czar
Ivan’s Good Years (1547-1560)
• Added lands to Russia
• Gave Russia a code of
laws
• Ruled justly
Ivan’s “Bad Period”
• After his wife died…
• He accused boyars of
poisoning her
• He came down hard on
them
• He organized a police
force that murdered
“traitors”
Peter the Great
• 1696 became the leader
of Russia
• He was a Romanov
(Family that ruled
Russia from 1613-1917)
• One of Russia’s greatest
reformers
• Goal was to Westernize
Russia
English Monarchy
Chapter 21 Section 5
James I
• King of Scotland
• Inherits English thrown
from cousin, Elizabeth
• Inherits England’s debts
as well
Charles I
• Son of James I
• Needed money to fund
wars with France and
Spain
• Dissolved Parliament
when they did not obey
• Forced to sign Petition
of Right in 1628
Charles I
• He did not obey Petition
of Right and dissolved
Parliament once again
• To get money he
imposed fees and fines
on English people
• His popularity
plummeted
English Civil War (1642-1649)
Royalists or Cavaliers
• Those that supported
Charles
Roundheads
• Puritan supporters of
Parliament
1649
• Charles is decapitated
• Cromwell, the Puritan
general comes to power
• He establishes a
commonwealth or a
republic
• Cromwell, though,
would become a
military dictator
1660
• Charles II was voted in
by Parliament to be the
leader of England
• “Restoration”
• England becomes a
monarchy once again
1688
• Glorious Revolution
• The bloodless overflow
of James II
• William, a prince of
Netherlands and Mary,
the daughter of James II
• James was Catholic and
that did not sit well
with Protestant England
1689
• William and Mary
vowed to recognize
Parliament as its
partner in governing
• England became a
Constitutional
Monarchy
• Parliament drafted a Bill
of Rights