Transcript Chapter 15
CHAPTER 15 State building and the search for order What economic, social, and political crises did Europe experience in the 17th century? Inflation fueled prosperity slowed Population increased from 60 million in 1500 to 85 million in 1600 Began to decline in 1650 Dutch, French, English saw only rise in population War, famine, plague Little Ice Age- average temperatures fell, harvests failed, famines ensued SOCIAL TENSIONS! Witchcraft Trials held all over Came to be viewed as sinister and dangerous Trails and executions occurred in 16th and 17th Take notes during 100,000 prosecuted film to answer Torture led to confessions FRQ Question: New wealth led to disintegration of “Analyze two “community” and the wealthy feared the factors that led to growing numbers of poor the rise of Sexism, gender roles, sexual taboos led to witchcraft trials women being accused and persecution” Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Militant Catholicism and Militant Calvinism to blame Peace of Augsburg of 1555 brought German religious wars to an end, but not religious tensions Frederick IV created the “Protestant Union” Duke Maximilian created the “Catholic League” Holy Roman Empire’s desire to consolidate authority was resisted by German princes HRE turned to Spain for help (Hapsburg family) Princes turned to France (Hapsburg enemies) Franco Swedish Phase (1635-1648) Swedes wished to continue French entered the war under the direction of Cardinal Richelieu (Louis XIII’s advisor) Religious issues losing their significance Catholic French supporting Protestant Swedes and Princes Battle of Rocroi (1643)French beat Spanish Brought end to Spanish military greatness French moved through southern Germany Treaty of Westphalia (1648) Ended war in Germany France and Spain continued until the Peace of Pyrenees (1659) Westphalia ensured all German states were free to determine own religion France gained parts of western Germany and Alsace Hapsburgs lost authority 300 HRE states recognized as independent Religion and politics were separate Thirty Years War (1618-1648) Ruined German economy German population 21 16 million Most destructive European war yet Collins Type II How did the Thirty Years War begin as a religious war and transition to a political conflict? Talk show introduction Frederick V LOUIS XIV King Christian IV Philip III Ferdinand II Philip IV Gustavus Frederick Adolphus William the Great Elector Louis XIII Frederick I LOUIS XIV Ivan IV Cardinal Peter I Richelieu James I Charles I OLIVER CROMWELL Charles II JAMES II Mary William of Orange Military changes Military power was essential to ruler’s reputation and power Pressure to build effective military machine Medieval knights and archers battalions with firearms & bayonets Conscription led to military schools Linear formations offered better flexibility & mobility Firearms replaced pikes, warships carried cannons Higher taxes paid for changes! Royal Theories A ruler with COMPLETE control Make laws, taxes, administer justice, control administration, determine foreign policy God hand-picks those who rule and therefore Monarchs should have complete control – because they are God’s choice Bishop Jacques Bossuet - French Monarchy Henry IV (Navarre) dies and son takes throne Louis XIII (1610-1643) Young, weak leader Cardinal Richelieu takes control Chief minister and most trusted adviser Determined to strengthen monarchy To strengthen Monarchy Richelieu… Created a network of spies Sent out to execute orders of central government Increase taille – annual direct tax – in 1643 Cut off Port city of La Rochelle, to take control from Huguenots 14 months, until starving citizens surrendered Ordered walls to be torn down Turn all churches Catholic Punished Nobles for Revolts Biggest Move: Sided with Protestants in 30 Years war to undermine Hapsburg power La Rochelle’s defeat was a signal to all Protestants to GET OUT of France! FRANCE Louis XIII died, Cardinal Mazarin dominated government (1648-1649) – nobles and of Paris (important court) revolted in reaction to taxes to pay for 30 Year War Parlement of Paris regained power, people looked to King to restore stability LOUIS XIV (1643-1715) “I am the State” (didn’t need a Cardinal’s help) “Sun King”- source of light for his people Tried to be absolute, but towns and provinces had much control How did Louis XIV create absolute power? Removed Nobles and princes from royal council and invited them to: Versailles –Louis’ palace and center of government Influenced dress, dining and gambling to bankrupt nobles “one king, one law, one faith” : Revokes Edict of Nantes, outlaws Protestantism, destruction of churches 200,000 Huguenots flee Louis XIV creates Financial Issues Building of Versailles and other palaces Maintaining court Pursuing wars Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1619-1683) Controller general of finances Adhered to Improved quality of French manufacturing to increase exports Built roads and canals to better transportation for internal goods Raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods Louis XIV spent the saved money faster than Colbert could make it Taxes fell to the peasants to pay Louis’ Wars Louis XIV developed a professional army War an incessant activity Waged four wars 1667-1713 1667: invaded Spanish Netherlands Lost to Dutch, English, Swedes 1672: Dutch War: invaded United Provinces Brandenburg, war Spain, HRE ended Louis’ Wars 1689: Annexation of Alsace and Lorraine, city of Strasbourg led to: League of Augsburg – Spain, HRE, United Provinces, Sweden, England united against Louis Treaty of Ryswick- made Louis give up most conquests 1701 Spanish King, Charles II, died, left throne to Louis XIV’s grandson Other monarchs didn’t want this Bourbon connection between the two countries, feared they would unite England, Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire fought France Fought in North America too : Louis’s Grandson gets throne, but France and Spain can’t be ruled by same monarchs England got Newfoundland, Hudson Bay Territory, Nova Scotia; emerged as great naval power Mini DBQ “Kingly Advice” pg. 453 Engraving “Palace of Versailles” pg. 454 Picture “Interior of Versailles” pg. 455 “Travels with the King” pg 456 Map: “The Wars of Louis XIV” pg 457 Family Tree: “Bourbon Dynast” pg 458 Successes and Failures of Absolutism Maintaining balance of power Using Mercantilism to fund Militaries Struggles between parliaments vs. monarchs How did Spain go from the most populous empire in the world to ruin? Treasury was empty: Philip II went bankrupt in 1596 Government was inefficient Armed forces out of date Philip III (1598-1621) Wars, excesses of court Weaknesses became apparent Philip IV (1621-1665) Put country in hands of Gaspar de Guzman, count of Olivares 30 Years War caused revolts and civil war Dutch Independence declared in Peace of Westphalia German States Treaty of Westphalia left each HRE state autonomous Brandenburg-Prussia, led by the Hohenzollerns Three disconnected masses Brandenburg Frederick in Western Germany, West Prussia, East Prussia William the Great Elector (1640-1688) Came to power during 30 years war Built up army and levied taxes to support it Reinforced serfdom to gain support from nobles Followed mercantilism: construct roads, canals, high tariffs Frederick Prussia III (1688-1713) became Frederick I, King of Austria After the 30 Years War the Austrian Hapsburgs gave up trying to create a German empire and instead looked east Beat the Ottomans in 1687 Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, Slovenia After the War of Spanish Succession Austria gained Spanish Netherlands Milan Mantua, Sardinia, Naples in Italy Italy went from Spanish rule to Austrian rule Never became absolutist because of many national groups- collection of unions Russia Ivan IV (1533-1584) Took title “ ” (Caesar) Expanded territories east Reduced , nobility’s, power Ivan IV TERRIBLE! Ivan the Terrible 1560s: Ivan changes Became suspicious of his closest advisors Created a private police force to punish opposition 1565: seized land from 12,000 Killed thousands in Novgorod, suspected they wanted to separate from Russia 1581: killed his own son Russia “Time of Troubles” many rulers because of lack of heir 1613: Michael Romanov crowned czar Russia Russia dominated by landed aristocrats Abundance of land, shortage of peasants made serfdom ideal for nobles Bound peasants to the land Merchants not allowed to move from cities RUSSIA Peter I 1682: became czar as child, sister ruled until he was 17 6’9, coarse and crude 1697-1698: traveled west in disguise Realized Russia was backward Introduced reforms and Western ideals Labored side-by-side with thousands of carpenters building a navy Peter the Great’s Reforms Reorganized the government 1711: creates Senate to supervise administration while he is away on military campaigns Creates boards of administrations for specific functions Foreign affairs, war, justice Divided Russia into fifty provinces 1722: Table of Ranks- creates opportunities for non-nobles to serve and join nobility Nobility based on merit?! Tried to adopt mercantilism but large military required raising taxes Peter the Great’s Reforms Peter’s main goal at Westernization was to make Russia a military power “window to the West” – port easily accessible to West Baltic Sea only option – controlled by Charles XII Sweden Great Northern War (1701-1721) Peace of Nystadt- Russia acquired Estonia, Livonia, Karelia, Sweden became second rate power Peter built St. Petersburg on Baltic Ottoman Empire After taking much of southeast Europe in the 16th century, Ottomans were treated as another European power in the 17th century Highly effective government Led by sultans or viziers (Prime Ministers) Constantinople was splendid with thriving population Periodically degenerated into bloody intrigues Well-organized military – Christian boys kidnapped, converted, killing machines Sleeping Giant tried to take back Austria but pushed back by European coalition Never again a threat to Europe Golden Age of Dutch Republic United Provinces of Netherlands became core of modern Dutch state in 1581 Officially recognized in Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 Wealthy thanks to Atlantic trade With independence came internal dissension Each province had a (official) responsible for leading an army and attending States General States General-weakened during wars with France & England 17th Century wars saw economic decline for Dutch How did Dutch spend new wealth? Amsterdam made money from fishing and transporting other countries’ goods draft ship of large capacity Amsterdam became commercial capital of Europe Built canals Tall, narrow fronted houses along canals Became crossroads Manufacturers, shipyard owners, merchants became top society Wealthy burghers began to shed Calvinist ways by end of 17th century ENGLAND Elizabeth died with no heir Mary Queen of Scots (Elizabeth’s cousin) was put to death for trying to overthrow Elizabeth Her son was King of Scotland James I (1603-1625) First Stuart to rule Believed firmly in DIVINE RIGHT and ABSOLUTE MONARCHY Trouble with Parliament Country in debt, viewed as “outsider” from Scotland James I Parliament was used to ruling with a “balanced polity” refused to give money to James : strict Calvinists demanding further reform from Church of England, take power away from Church officials James I sees Puritans as threat Refuses most requests of reforms : wealthy landowners, also Puritans and large part of House of Commons ENGLAND Charles I (1625-1649) Popular until marrying a Catholic Princess, Louis XIII’s sister, Henrietta Requested money from Parliament Parliament refuses unless Charles I signs: : placed limits on king’s power King can not levy taxes without consent of Parliament Direct Challenge to Absolutism Charles I At first he acquiesced Taxed without permission Dismisses Parliament when they become outraged 1629-1640: Charles ruled without Parliament Gentry opposed attempts to raise taxes without parliament Added MORE ritual to church ceremonies- angering puritans ENGLAND 1640: Charles I in debt thanks to rebellions in Scotland Has to reconvene Parliament to ask for money Long Parliament – didn’t disband for 20 years Limitation on royal authority Triennial Act- Parliament must meet at least once every three years ENGLAND Puritans moved to abolish the appointment of bishops in Anglican Church Charles I led troops into House of Commons to arrest Puritan leaders for Treason Already escaped Charles’ intentions shown: to take back power Parliament rises up against king Charles I supported by people 1642: Civil War began! English Civil War (1642-1646) ROYALISTS: nobles who supported king ROUNDHEADS: supporters of Parliament Puritans (New Model Army) Merchants, some upper classes Led by: OLIVER CROMWELL ENGLAND Royalist Army outmatched 1646, surrender Phase Two begins when Charles flees Oliver Cromwell dismisses all Parliament members who disagree with him “Rump Parliament” ENGLAND Rump Parliament tries Charles I for treason Charles refuses to recognize Parliament’s authority 1649: Found guilty, Executed in front of own palace Lord Protector Cromwell (1649-1653) House of Commons outlaws House of Lords and Monarchy England becomes a Commonwealth Cromwell: “Lord Protector of England, Scotland, Ireland” Demanded complete obedience demanded freedom of speech, religious toleration, democratic republic ENGLAND RESTORATION Cromwell dies, son weak leader Parliament reconvenes and vote to bring back monarchy 1660: Parliament invites Charles’ son to be king Restoration & Charles II Charles II (1660-1685) Supported religious toleration Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 “may you have body” Guarantees right to appear in court to see if accused should be held or released Charles being presented the first pineapple grown in England Columbian Exchange! ENGLAND JAMES II Charles II brother Had two protestant daughters, Mary and Anne 1688: James and second wife gave birth to a Catholic son! GLORIOUS REVOLUTION 1688: Nobles invited James’ daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange to become King & Queen Glorious Revolution William and Mary Had to sign: : prevents monarchs from levying taxes without Parliament’s consent Creating a: monarchy limited by law Response to Revolution Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) Alarmed by revolutionary upheavals (1651) people are guided by animalistic interests Government’s role is to be a Leviathan- large sea monster- an absolute, sovereign authority needed to suppress evil John Locke (1632-1794) Argued against absolute rule Humans have inalienable rights- life, liberty, property Government is meant to protect rights If government doesn’t live up to obligations the People have the right o rebel Who are the successes/failures of 17th century – why? Who would you take in a fantasynation league? France Spain Holy Roman Empire German States Austria Russia Sweden Poland Ottoman Empire Dutch Republic England Collins Type II How did relationships with Parliament affect James I, Charles I, James II, Charles II reigns? How did the Glorious Revolution affect political thinkers of the 17th century? How did artistic and literary achievements of era reflect economic developments of the period? Renaissance came to an end with the Mannerist movement : attempts to break down High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, moderation Distort proportion Elongated figures convey suffering of the era El Greco (the Greek) – church painter in Spain in 1570s Shades of yellow and green against eerie backgrounds reflect intense emotion Mannerism was replaced with Baroque period began in Italy last quarter of 16th century, sought to bring classical ideals of Renaissance with spiritual feelings of 16th religious revival Dramatic effects to arouse emotions Search for power- richly decorated churches and palaces Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640) Gian Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) Bodies in violent motion, dramatic light and shadow Saint Peter’s Basilica Artemisia Gentileschi (1593-1653) Judith Beheading Holofernes Wealthy Dutch patricians and burghers commissioned works for guilds, public and private buildings : realistic portrayal of secular life, reflects values of Dutch society Portraits Group portraits of military companies, guilds Interiors of dwellings Judith Leyster (1609-1660) First female in Guild of Saint Luke of Haarlem Rembrandt Master van Rijn (1606-1669) of portraits Syndics religious of the Cloth Guild Rembrandt also painted works, making him the great Protestant artist of the 17th century Night Watch of the Militia Company Consider works from each movement Think about ideals, goals, attributes of each movement How does each work reflect the movement it is in How would you know it is Mannerist, Baroque, Dutch if the labels weren’t there?