Transcript Europe Mid16th to 18th

The
Thirty Years
War
(1618-1648)
1618-1648
Characteristics of the Thirty Years
War
 The Holy Roman Empire (Germany) was
the battleground.
 At the beginning  it was the
Catholics vs. the Protestants.
 At the end  it was Habsburg power
that was threatened.
 Resolved by the Treaty of Westphalia
in 1648.
Thirty Years War
• Bohemian Phase (1618 – 1625)
– Ferdinand of Bohemia … HRE Ferdinand II
– Defenestration of Prague
• Danish Phase (1625 – 1629)
• Swedish Phase (1630 – 1635)
• French-Swedish Phase (1635 – 1648)
Loss of German Lives in 30
Years’ War
Treaty of Westphalia (1648)
1688-1700
Nobody Was Happy!
 Many Protestants felt betrayed.
 The pope denounced it.
 Only merit  it ended the fighting in a
war that became intolerable!
 For the next few centuries, this war
was blamed for everything that went
wrong in Central Europe.
Queen Elizabeth Tudor I
• Born: September 7,
1533 to King
Henry VIII and
Anne Boleyn, his
second wife.
• Coronated: January
15, 1559 at
Westminster Abbey
• Died: March 24, 1603 at age 69
Elizabeth’s Refusal to Marry
Re-Establishing Protestantism
The Act of Supremacy
• Gave Elizabeth ultimate control of the
Church of England.
• Title of monarch
modified to "Supreme
Governor of the
Church in England".
• Also included an oath
of loyalty to the
Queen that the clergy
were expected to take.
– If they did not take it, then they would lose
their office.
The Northern Rebellion
Scotland
• Many believed that Mary,
Queen of Scots, a catholic, was
the rightful Queen of England.
• Since Mary too was a female
sovereign Queen, Elizabeth was
careful about how she
recognized Mary’s power
because she didn’t want to be in
the same situation.
• After Mary was forced out of Scotland and fled to
England, Elizabeth locked her up.
• Although Elizabeth did not want to have her cousin
executed, she was forced to send Mary to execution
after another plot to overthrow Elizabeth was
uncovered.
War with Spain
• Elizabeth had rebuked repeated offers of
marriage from Philip II of Spain
• This angered him
• He also saw himself as the champion of
Catholicism and sought to crush the
Protestant Brits
• WAR!!!
1588
• British troops mass at Tilbury in anticipation of
Spanish invasion
• Elizabeth delivers a moving speech
• Spanish Armada sails for England
• Weather and Sir Francis Drake destroy Spanish
Armada (1588)
• England on the ascent .. Spain in decline
That’s a lot
of wrecked
ships!
Spanish Armada
Succession
• On her deathbed, Elizabeth passed the
crown onto James of Scotland.
– He was the son of Mary, Queen of Scots,
Elizabeth’s cousin
• Elizabeth felt comfortable in giving the
crown to James because he had been
raised by Protestant minister with
whom Elizabeth had a
correspondence.
How She Left the Country
• England was one of the most
powerful and prosperous countries in
the world.
• In spite of this, the country was
saddled with tremendous debt
• It had proved itself to be the
strongest Naval force in the World.
• "She is only a woman, only mistress of
half an island," marvelled Pope Sixtus
V, "and yet she makes herself feared
by Spain, by France, by the Empire, by
all"
English
Constitutional
Monarchy
Mayo
Two Models
Parliamentary Monarchy
Political Absolutism
England
• France
Two Governmental Models
• Military organization had a immense impact
on political development
• Military was much more expensive that it was
previously
• Monarchies tied to assemblies, parliaments,
etc. had trouble raising money
Constitutionalism v. Absolutism
England v. France
• Monarchy’s attempt to • French nobility was
raise revenue through
dependent on Louis XIV
new taxation
goodwill and patronage
undermined local
… support benefited
nobility and land
them
owners
• Louis XIV crush
• Puritans (Protestant
Protestant communities
religious movement)
and gained support of
opposed the Stuart
Catholics (one religion)
monarchy
• Parliament was long
established and
bargained with the king
• Stuart monarchs were
weak, acted on whims
and offended numerous
groups
• Estates General had
met in 1614 … not again
until 1789 … only called
by king
• Strong personalities …
Cardinal Richelieu,
Mazarin, Louis XIV
The Stuart Monarchy
James I [r. 1603-1625]
Divine Right of
Kings
Growing Crisis
• James I sought to raise revenue without
calling Parliament
• James I also offended Puritans
– King James Bible
– Sports
• Archery, Morris Dances, Whitsun-ales, leaping, vaulting,
other such harmless recreation … NO bowling!
King
James
Bible,
1611
Other Missteps by James
Witch Hunts
• Persecuted thousands for witchcraft
• Personally liked to watch interrogations and
tortures of accused witches
Male Affairs
• "I, James, am neither a god nor an angel, but a man
like any other. Therefore I act like a man and confess
... that I love the Earl of Buckingham more than
anyone else,... (his long term lover whom he often
called "Wife" in public);
I wish to speak in my own behalf and not to have it
thought to be a defect, For Jesus Christ did the
same, and therefore I cannot be blamed. Christ had
his John, and I have my George
Charles I [r. 1625-1649]
The Many Faces of Charles I
Charles I (1625 – 1649)
• Charles I, now king, had to resort to other
measures to pay for the war
• New tariffs, discontinued taxes
• Forced loans (required, but repaid) … prison
for those who refused
• 1624 (while James was still King) England was
again at war with Spain
• Parliament supported the war, but refused to
adequately finance it
The Petition of Rights, 1628
“The Stuart Magna Carta”
Personal Rule
• 1629 – Parliament acted to label taxation
without the consent of parliament and
anything leading to “popery” in religion were
acts of treason
• Charles dissolved Parliament
• Charles made peace with France and Spain to
conserve his resources
• Fear of catholic sympathies
• Charles’ wife was Catholic (French)
– Henrietta Maria
Return of Parliament
• War with Scotland (prayer book riots) (1637)
(1638, vow, petition) (WAR)
• To finance the war, the king called Parliament
• Led by John Pym and Oliver Cromwell they
refused to back the king or finance the war
until the king addressed a list of grievances
• Charles immediately dissolved Parliament
• 1640, great Scottish victory over the English at
Newburn … King recalled parliament …
The Long Parliament
• Parliament now met for 20 years (hence the name …
1640 – 1660)
• House of Commons impeached many nobles on the
royal court
• Voted that no more than three years between
meetings … voted that they could not be dissolved
without their own consent
• Rebellion in Ireland (1641)
• Parliament voted to take control of the army from
Charles if they were to finance any more wars
Civil War
• January 1642 – Charles invaded parliament
with his army
• He wanted to arrest John Pym and others but
they had escaped
• Shocked, Parliament voted to raise its own
army …
– Die was cast … Civil War
– 1642 - 1646
Civil War (1621-1649)
Royalists
(Cavaliers)
Parliamentarians
(Roundheads)
a
House of Lords
† House of Commons
a
N & W England
† S & E England
a
Aristocracy
† Puritans
a
Large landowners
† Merchants
a
Church officials
† Townspeople
a
More rural, less
prosperous
† More urban , more
prosperous
Major Battles and Outcome
• Oliver Cromwell took control of Roundheads
– New Model Army
• Victories over the king at Battle of Marston
Moor (1644)
– Naseby(Naisby) (1645)
– Preston (1648)
* Pride’s Purge
The Beheading of Charles I, 1649
Oliver Cromwell [1599-1658]
The “Interregnum” Period [1649-1660]
† The Commonwealth
(1649-1653)
† The Protectorate
(1654-1660)
The Protectorate
(1654-1660)
• From 1654-1660 Oliver Cromwell ruled
England as a military dictator
• Puritan dogma and social values were
enforced as laws
• Many were executed for the most minor of
violations
Lord Protector
Irish Conquest
• Cromwell personally led invasion and
conquest of Ireland … very brutal
• The public practice of Catholicism was banned and
Catholic priests were murdered when captured.
• All Catholic-owned land was confiscated in the Act
for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 and given to
Scottish and English settlers, the Parliament's
financial creditors and Parliamentary soldiers.
• Under the Commonwealth, Catholic landownership
dropped from 60% of the total to just 8%
Scotland
• 1659, Cromwell invaded Scotland because
Scotland had declared Charles II king
• Cromwell's men sacked the town of Dundee, killing
up to 2,000 of its population of 12,000 and
destroying the 60 ships in the city's harbor.
• During the Commonwealth, Scotland was ruled from
England, and was kept under military occupation,
with a line of fortifications sealing off the Highlands,
which had provided manpower for Royalist armies in
Scotland, from the rest of the country.
Cancel Christmas!
• Restricted religious practices that were not
strictly Puritan (Calvinist)
• Closed theatres
• Closed pubs
• Closed Brothels
• Allowed Jews to worship openly and paved
way for general acceptance … diplomatic
conversion … precursor to “last days”
King Charles II
[r. 1660-1685]
King Charles II [r. 1660-1685]
a
1673  Test Act

Parliament excluded all but Anglicans from
civilian and military positions.
[to the Anglican gentry, the Puritans were
considered “radicals” and the Catholics were
seen as “traitors!”]
King James II [r. 1685-1688]
a
a
a
Was a bigoted convert
to Catholicism without
any of Charles II’s
shrewdness or ability to
compromise.
Alienated even the
Tories.
Provoked the revolution
that Charles II had
succeeded in avoiding!
The “Glorious” Revolution: 1688
a
Whig & Tory leaders offered the throne jointly to James
II’s daughter Mary [raised a Protestant] & her husband,
William of Orange.
 He was a vigorous enemy of Louis XIV.
 He was seen as a champion of the Protestant cause.
English Bill of Rights [1689]
a
a
a
It settled all of the
major issues between
King & Parliament.
It served as a model
for the U. S. Bill of
Rights.
It also formed a base
for the steady
expansion of civil
liberties in the 18c and
early 19c in England.
English Bill of Rights [1689]
a
Main provisions:
1. The King could not suspend the operation of laws.
2. The King could not interfere with the ordinary course of
justice.
3. No taxes levied or standard army maintained in peacetime
without Parliament’s consent.
4. Freedom of speech in Parliament.
5. Sessions of Parliament would be held frequently.
6. Subjects had the right of bail, petition, and freedom from
excessive fines and cruel and unusual punishment.
7. The monarch must be a Protestant.
8. Freedom from arbitrary arrest.
9. Censorship of the press was dropped.
10. Religious toleration.
Louis XIV
Absolutism?
French Government
• Challenges to authority?
– Strong, well-armed nobles
– Discontented Protestants
•Chief Ministers
•Cardinal Richelieu (1585 – 1642) Louis XIII (r.1610 –
1643)
•Cardinal Mazarin (1602 – 1661) Louis XIV briefly
•Violated previously established freedoms
•Built royal absolutism
Fronde
•
•
•
•
Rebellions by French nobles
1649-1652
Unsuccessful
Fronde (sling)
Louis XIV
• Personal control of government at 23
• Growth of monarchy and Louis’ authority
benefitted nobles …. Ensured their support
• Parlements – regional judicial bodies, NOT like
Britain
• Parlement of Paris was different, more power,
less supportive of absolutism
Divine Right
• “L’etat, c’est moi” (I am the state)
• Only God could judge the king
• Though divine right, rule was NOT oppressive
Wars
• War of the Spanish Succession
– 1700 Charles II, last Hapsburg King of Spain, died
– Charles II had left throne to Louis’ grandson, Philip
of Anjou … Philip V of Spain
– Spain and assets to France?
– War from 1701 – 1714
– Louis had inadequate resources
– Treaty of Utrecht 1713
Religious Persecution
• Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)
– Part of larger persecution of Protestants before
and after
– Also persecuted Jansenists
• Catholics … St. Augustine
• Free will?
Mayo
Young Louis XIV
L’ouis XIV
L’ etat
c’est moi!
By
Hyacinthe
Rigaud
L’ ouis XIV as Apollo
L’ ouis XIV as Apollo
by Jean Nocret, 1670
The Sun Symbol
Louis XIV
Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1665
Versailles Statistics
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2,000 acres of grounds
12 miles of roads
27 miles of trellises
200,000 trees
210,000 flowers planted every year
80 miles of rows of trees
55 acres surface area of the Grand Canal
12 miles of enclosing walls
50 fountains and 620 fountain nozzles
21 miles of water conduits
3,600 cubic meters per hour: water consumed
26 acres of roof
51,210 square meters of floors
2,153 windows
700 rooms
67 staircases
6,000 paintings
1,500 drawings and 15,000 engravings
2,100 sculptures
5,000 items of furniture and objects d'art
150 varieties of apple and peach trees in the Vegetable Garden
Versailles
• Palace Comparison
• U.S. Mansions
Versailles Today
Palais de Versailles
Palais de Versailles
Versailles Palace,
Park Side
Garden View of
Versailles
Chateau de
Versailles
Chateau de
Versailles
Versailles’ Northern
Gardens
Gardens at Versailles
Chateau de Versailles
Gardens
The Orangery
Grounds at Versailles
And More Fountains!
And Even More
Fountains!!!
Temple of Love
Hall
of
Mirrors
The King’s
Bed
The Queen’s
Bed
Louis XIV’s Chapel
Louis XIV’s Chapel
Altarpiece
Organ in Louis XIV’s
Chapel
Louis XIV’s Opera Stage
The Gallery of Battles
Louis XV [r. 1715 – 1774]
Paths to Power
Central and Eastern Europe
Robert Walpole
• Robert Walpole
– Managed economic recovery and stability for
George I
– Became considered first Prime Minister of GB
– Controlled government patronage and managed
bureaucracy
– “Let sleeping dogs lie”
Let sleeping dogs lie
Robert Walpole
Sweden
• Sweden had played a major role in the Thirty
Years’ War
• Sweden consolidated control of the Baltic Sea
• Sweden had one of the better armies in
Europe
• Economic concerns … weak
Charles XII
• Ruled 1697 – 1718
• Stubborn and insane
• Opposed Russian expansion in the Baltic
region
• Great Northern War (1700-1721)
• Charles led a vigorous and brilliant campaign
Great Northern War
• Sweden defeated Russia at Narva (1700)
• 1708 invasion of Russia … bogged down in
harsh Russian winter (a recurring theme)
• Charles died in 1718 … war exhausted Swedish
resources and Army
Outcome of the Great Northern War
• Russia gained foothold in Baltic
• Prussia gained Pomerania
• Swedish nobles quarreled over power and
Sweden faded into the European background
Russia & Sweden After the
Great Northern War
POLAND
• Polish armies had rescued Vienna from a
Turkish siege in 1683
• Following this glorious effort, Poland faded in
influence
• Internal squabbling amongst nobles and a
fierce desire for autonomy prevented
centralized authority
Diet
• No king, but the nobles did have a legislature
(diet)
• Nobles ONLY
• Liberum veto … a single member could
demand the body disband … “exploding the
diet”
• Requirement of unanimity doomed Poland
• Poland disappeared by the end of 1700s
Hapsburg Austria
• Spanish and Austrian branches of the
Hapsburg family became officially split after
the Treaty of Westphalia
• Austrian Hapsburgs retained title of Holy
Roman Emperor
• Hapsburgs used military to extend power into
Netherlands and northern Italy
Pragmatic Sanction
• Hapsburg line eventually ran out of heirs after
Charles VI (1711-1740)
• Pragmatic Sanction Provided the legal basis
for a single line of inheritance through Charles
VI’s daughter Maria Theresa
• This worked for political stability, but foreign
aggression was a threat
Prussia and the Hohenzollerns
• Hohenzollerns took territory in Brandenburg
and expanded it into the large entity called
Prussia (among German states of HRE)
• Second only to the Hapsburgs in HRE