Transcript Absolute Monarchies-Setting the Stage for - Steven-J

Setting the Stage
for Revolution:
Absolute Monarchies
Europe
Pre 1400s
Small kingdoms/no political
unity/Feudalism
1400s-1500s
Small kingdoms merge into
big kingdoms/End of
Feudalism
1600s-1700s
Age of Absolute Monarchs
Definitions
1. Divine Right:
Belief that a ruler’s authority
comes directly from God.
2. Absolute Monarch:
Ruler with complete authority
over the government and
lives of the people he or she
governs.
Absolute Monarchies in
Europe
1550-1800
Spain
France
England
Austria
Prussia
Russia
Absolute Monarchies in Europe
1550-1800
From World History:
Connections to Today
Prentice Hall, 2003
Spain – Philip II
Ruled 1556-1598
• Sought to expand Spanish influence
• Ruled Spain when the empire was at its height.
• At points, ruled Portugal, parts of Italy,
Netherlands, & England
• Controlled almost all South America
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Centralized royal power
Wealth from the Spanish New World
Taxed the middle class to build the Armada
Devout: tried to strengthen Catholic church
• Waged war against all enemies of the Catholic
Church; crushed Protestant revolts in Holland;
attempted to invade England; Imposed
Inquisition
• Married Mary I of England – returned England
to Catholicism
• Invaded England with Spanish Armada
against Elizabeth I – He lost most of the
Armada. (1588)
Spain – Philip II
Ruled 1556-1598
“What is done for the state is done
for God, who is the basis and
foundation of it......Where the
interests of the state are concerned,
God absolves actions which, if
privately committed, would be a
crime.”
— Cardinal Richelieu
"If you give me six lines written
by the most honest man, I will find
something in them to hang him."
—Cardinal Richelieu
France – Louis XIV
Ruled 1643 - 1715
 Called himself the Sun King
 Believed in divine right.
“L’etat, c’est moi.” I am the
state. Made French army the
strongest in Europe
 France was the wealthiest
country in Europe under
Louis XIV
 Louis XIV spent huge
amounts of money
 Built Versailles. War of
Spanish Succession
France – Louis XIV
Versailles
 Expanded from a
hunting lodge in 1669.
 Became the symbol to
European monarchs of
the wealth and power
of the king of France.
 Seat of French
government for nearly
over 100 years.
 Its upkeep consumed
as much as 25% of the
income of France.
Russia
• Romanoff family
united people
• Descendants of
Roman Empire
• Ivan I married
daughter of last
Byzantine
emperor
• Caesar = Tsar
• Ivan IV (the
terrible)
• Peter the Great
Russia – Peter the Great
Ruled 1682-1725
• Goal was to westernize Russia.
Forced powerful boyars to bow to
his will.
• Built modern Western city for
Russian capital – St. Petersburg.
• Spread serfdom.
• Studied Western technology.
Worked in a shipyard
• Extended Russian territory – to
Pacific Ocean.
• 1700: Fought Sweden for control
of Baltic. Gained several Baltic
ports
Lands added by Peter the Great
Peter wants to create a new citySt. Petersburg
• Banned construction of
stone structures anywhere in
Russia to prevent materials
he needed for his city from
being used up elsewhere.
• People who ignored his
orders were exiled to
Siberia.
• The czar lacked the labor he
needed to build his city so he
conscripted (drafted)
hundreds of thousands of
criminals
• Having no tools at first, they
dug the mud from the marsh
with their bare hands and
carried it away in the long
shirts that Russian peasants
wore at the time.
Tens of thousands, if not
hundreds of thousands, of
men died from injury,
disease, exhaustion, the
freezing temperatures, or
starvation
The first residential building in St.
Petersburg built for Peter the Great
Catherine the Great (1729-1796)
•Born in Germany.
•At age 14, she was
chosen to marry the
grandson of Peter the
Great and heir to the
Russian throne.
•When her incompetent
husband was
murdered, she became
the ruler.
•She was intelligent,
ambitious, and is know
to have had several
lovers!
Catherine’s Coronation Coach
Catherine II
•Catherine the Great
became empress of
Russia in 1762 and
reigned for 34 years.
•She expanded the
country's territory and
encouraged the
development of the
arts.
•She preserved and
extended serfdom.
Statue of Peter the Great ordered built by
Catherine the Great
Catherine Palace built in the
1700’s in St. Petersburg
England - Pathway to
Revolution
1603-1689
• Elizabeth I (1558 – 1603) –
Absolute ruler of England.
• Kept Parliament on her
side.
• Stabilized the nation and
expanded British territory.
• Died without an heir.
• Country had to decide
who would replace her.
England - Pathway to Revolution
1603-1689
England – James I
(1603 – 1625)
• James VI of Scotland
• Became James I of England
when Elizabeth I died.
• Believed in Divine Right of
Kings. “Kings are called
gods because they sit upon
God’s throne on earth.
• Ran up a huge debt in
England.
• Had Bible translated from
Latin into English
England – Charles I
1625 - 1649
• Charles I of England
• Absolute monarch - had no
problem with putting his
enemies in prison without trial
• Ran up a huge debt
• Dissolved Parliament in 1629
• Touched off a massive
English Civil War between
supporters of Charles and
supporters of Parliament led
by Oliver Cromwell.
• Charles I beheaded in 1649.
England – Oliver Cromwell
1649 - 1658
• Oliver Cromwell: Lord
Protector – England
• Ruled through the army
• Exiled Catholics to Ireland
• Strict Puritan laws passed –
theaters closed, Sunday set
aside for worship, no lewd
dancing, taverns or gambling
• Religious freedom for
everyone else
• When Cromwell died,
Restoration began.
England – Charles II
The Restoration
1660 - 1685
• Charles II - Popular
ruler
• Monarchy restored –
Hence: Restoration
• Bowed to the wishes of
Parliament
• Restored the Church
of England
• Stabilized government
England – James II
1685 - 1688
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James II - Absolute Ruler
Antagonized Parliament
Ran up a huge debt
Openly Catholic
Forced from throne in
what came to be called
the Glorious Revolution.
• Glorious Revolution
England – William and Mary
English Bill of Rights
1689
• William and Mary were given the throne after the
English Bill of Rights was passed.
• Guaranteed supremacy of Parliament over the
monarchy.
• Parliament had to meet on a regular basis
• Monarchy could neither make nor suspend laws
• Trial by jury reinstated.
• Abolished fines and cruel and unusual punishment.
• Affirmed “writ of habeas corpus” – no person can be
held in prison without first being charged with a
specific crime. Due process of laws.
• Laid groundwork for American system of laws.
Germany
• Divided by
the
Reformation
• The Thirty
Years War
1618-1648
Population losses in Germany
as a result of the Thirty Years War
From World History:
Connections to Today
Prentice Hall, 2003
Austria
• Ruled by Hapsburgs
• Resignation of Charles V
• Separation into Spanish
and Austrian branches
• Hapsburgs married
other royal families
• Grew the Holy Roman
Empire
Austria – Maria Theresa
ruled 1740 - 1780
 Absolute monarch of Austria
 Fought Frederick II of Prussia
for control of Hungary and
Silesia
 Reorganized the government
 Enlightened Despot
 Eased tax burden on her
people
 Gave more rights to her
subjects
 Gave birth to 16 children while
in power
Prussia – Frederick II
Ruled 1740-1786
Absolute ruler of
Prussia (Germany)
Attacked Austria,
sparking the War of
Austrian Succession
Unified Prussia, part of
the Holy Roman
Empire, into one
nation
Absolutism Summary Chart
From World History: Connections to Today
Prentice Hall, 2003