Transcript Tudors/Stuarts

AP Review II
TUDORS AND
STUARTS
Henry VII
 Became
the first Tudor in 1485 after the
War of the Roses
 He rebuilt England’s commercial
ventures and expanded the wool trade to
Europe
 Improved tax collection
 Avoided costly foreign wars
 Had two sons: Arthur and Henry
Prince Arthur
 Older brother
to Henry VIII
 Married Catherine of Aragon
 He dies in 1502, just six months after his
marriage to Catherine
Henry VIII
 Not
quite 18 when his
father died
 Handsome, intelligent,
lively, rich
 Renaissance man
 Assertio Septem
Sacramentorum
 Defender of the faith
Not
interested in statecraft but war (the
sport of kings)
Empson and Dudley - executed
Huge differences between him and his
father
Valois kings of France:
Louis XII (1498-1515) Francis I (1515-47)
Hapsburgs of Spain:
Charles V HRE (1515-56)
1511
Papacy, Spain, and Venice formed
the Holy League - invited Henry - who
attacked France
1512 Henry invades France but disastrous
1513 Henry invades again - wins Battle of
the Spurs and gets Tournai
Scots sign “Auld Alliance” with France
English defeat the Scots at Flodden Field,
King James IV is killed
James V is the new king, Queen Margaret
(Henry’s sister) is regent for the boy
Henry
decides to make peace with France
His sister Mary marries Louis (52) who dies
a year later
1520 Spain and France are back at war
Henry meets Francis at the Field of the
Cloth of Gold
1522 Henry allies with Spain against France
Charles V defeats Francis at Pavia in Italy
in 1525 and controls the pope
Thomas Wolsey
Vain,
arrogant, and corrupt continually accepted bribes - second
richest man in England
1527
Henry is concerned
with the validity of his
marriage to Catherine of
Aragon
Leviticus declared a man
who married his
brother’s wife would be
childless
Henry had been 18,
Catherine 24 but only
one surviving child Mary
Henry
worries about succession and has
an illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, Duke of
Richmond
Between 1525-7 Henry falls for Anne
Boleyn - Catherine is 40
Henry asks Pope Clement VII for an
annullment
Dispensations
for monarchs
were common but Clement has
4 problems:
a) Charles V (Rome)
b) Charles and Catherine are
related (nephew)
c) Papal infallibility (Julius II)
d) Lutheranism
Wolsey fails the king and dies in
disgrace
Clergy
in Tudor England were not really
respected
Resented by the people and the lower
clergy
Resentment increased when money went
to Rome
Earlier breaks had been avoided:
a) criticism of the papacy was political not
religious
b) 14th century kings had been treated
well by the pope
Henry
regarded the church as a barrier to
good government
Clergy could demand to be tried by a
court of clergy
1529 Henry summoned Parliament
Initially, Henry hoped to scare the pope
Late
1532 Catherine was
moved from Whitehall
and Anne put in her place
Anne became pregnant
1533 Henry and Anne
were secretly married
1533
- Act in Restraint of Appeals - king
sovereign in England, no more appeals to
the pope
1534 - Act for the Submission of the Clergy
- Henry was supreme head of the clergy and
the Church in England
Ended the independence of the clergy
1534
- Act of Supremacy acknowledged
the king as supreme head of the English
Church on earth
An Act of Succession declared the throne
should go to the children of the king and
Anne
Sir Thomas
More was executed for not
taking the oath
In 1536 Henry dissolved the small
monasteries
1539 the dissolved the rest
Transition to Protestantism was easy with
no Catholic strongholds to protest
The people accepted these changes
surprisingly well
1536 - Pilgrimage of Grace amounted to
little
The
people were hostile to Rome and the
dogma remained basically the same
1539 - Six Articles defined the dogma of
the new church but, largely Catholic
Henry had created an absolute system of
rule but had also ensured the end of
absolutism
In England the king would have to work
with Parliament, i.e. the House of
Commons, in making legislation
 Daughter of
king Ferdinand and Queen
Isabella
 Henry divorced Catherine
 She still remained loyal to him and the
Catholic faith
 Maid
of honor to Catherine
 Secretly married
 In 1536, charged Anne of adultery
 Beheaded on May 19, 1536
Jane Seymour
 Died
shortly after giving
birth to his son
 King Edward VI
Anne of Cleves
 “Flander’s
mare”
 Cromwell was disgraced
and executed
 Marriage annulled
Catherine Howard
 In
1542, convicted
of adultery
 Henry had her
executed
Catherine Parr
 Brought
order and unity
to the disturbed family
 Outlived Henry
 Catherine
of Aragon: divorced: Mary
 Anne Bolyn: beheaded: Elizabeth
 Jane Seymour: died: Edward
 Anne of Cleves: divorced: ugly
 Catherine Howard: beheaded
 Catherine Parr: survived
Edward VI
 Only
son of Henry
 Became king at nine
 1549- Cranmer introduces
the Book of Common
Prayer for all services
 Died from several
sicknesses in 1553
Mary Tudor
 Became
queen after
Edward died
 Devoted Catholic
 Nicknamed “Bloody
Mary”
 Married Philip II of
Spain she was 38 he was
27
 Very unpopular
 1554 Wyatt Rebellion failed
Elizabeth
 Became
Hult on-Deut sch Collect ion
queen of
England in 1558
 Highly educated
 Used her authority for
the common good of her
people
 “Virgin Queen”
 1563 Thirty-nine Articles
-basic tenets of the
Church
 1588 - Armada
Philip II (r 1556-1598)
 Son
of Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor
‘universal monarch’
 Given control
of the western
Hapsburg empire
 1580 united the
peninsula by adding
Portugal
 Hardworking
 Cautious,
Suspicious
 Catholic
 Married
Mary I, his cousin
 El Escorial
 Outlived 4 wives
The Problems for
Spain
Habsburg Empire 1560
 By
1560, Calvinism was a strong,
militant minority in most of the
cities in the Netherlands.
 Lutheranism had posed no
serious threat to Spanish rule.
 Calvinism is what worried the
Spaniards.
The
Netherlands were slit up into
seventeen provinces under Spanish
rule.
These provinces possessed a large
middle-class population.
Calvinism
appealed to the middle
classes with an emphasis on any
form of labor well done.
It took deep root among financiers in
Amsterdam and people in the
northern provinces.
Working-class people were also
converted, partly because their
employers would hire only other
Calvinists.
In
1559 Philip II appointed
his half-sister, Margaret as
regent of the Netherlands.
She pushed Philip’s orders to
wipe out Protestantism.
She introduced the
Inquisition.
Charles
V had steadily
increased taxes in the Low
Countries
When Margaret raised
taxes even more, fanatical
Calvinists, mostly from
the poor class, went on a
rampage.
On
March 3, 1568, fifteen hundred
men were executed
Even Margaret was sickened and
resigned
For 10 years, civil war raged in the
Netherlands between Catholics and
Protestants and between the
seventeen provinces and Spain
In 1576, the 17 provinces united
under the leadership of Prince
William of Orange
Philip
II then sent his nephew,
Alexander Farnese, duke of Parma, to
make the revolt come to an end.
Farnese arrived with an army of
German mercenaries, a great
knowledge of the geography, and a
perfect plan
Many
cities in the south fell,
including Bruges and Ghent
And finally Antwerp fell, the
financial capital of northern Europe
Calvinism
was forbidden in these
areas and Protestants had to either
convert or leave
The ten southern provinces
remained under the control of the
Spanish Habsburgs
The seven northern provinces were
led by Holland and formed the
Union of Utrecht
In
1581 the provinces declared their
independence from Spain and
formed the United Provinces of the
Netherlands.
Philip II considered himself the
international defender of
Catholicism and did not want these
provinces to become independent.
England
had allied with the new seven
provinces because if they were
defeated, they knew that they would be
next
Elizabeth put £250,000 and 2,000
troops into the Low Countries.
Philip
prepared his vast fleet of ships
to sail from Lisbon to Flanders, fight
off Elizabeth’s navy if necessary, and
escort his barges across the English
Channel.
‘la felicissima armada’
 In
1588 an armada
of 150 ships was
constructed.
 Most of the ships
were Spanish but
some were from
Portugal and Naples.
 It was the largest
fleet ever seen in
Europe.
Once
the armada joined
forces with the Duke of
Parma, they would
invade England.
After the invasion
England would be
brought under Spanish
Catholic rule.
May
9 1588, led by
the Duke of Medina
Sidonia, the
armada arrived at
English Channel
and they solidified
a crescent
formation.
The strict
formation would be
hard for the
English to break.
 However,
the English had superior ships,
designed by John Hawkins, that were
faster and carried more weaponry.
 The English intended to sail around the
armada and destroy any stragglers.
 The
armada
pushed forward
and anchored at
Calais.
 That night the
English sent in fire
ships to scatter the
armada.
 The
aid expected from the Duke of
Parma never arrived.
 Without any support the armada was
forced to spend too much time in the
Channel.
 It was not the English that defeated the
Spanish but a violent storm.
 The Spanish couldn’t find any safe
harbors and many men starved as the
wrecked ships limped back to Spain
This
defeat prevented Philip II from
re-imposing unity on western
Europe
England was never conquered and
the Netherlands borders remained
the same
Stuarts
1603-1714
CONSTITUTIONALISM
 France,
Prussia, Russia - absolute states
 England, Holland - constitutional states
 Constitutionalism is limiting the govt. by law
(may be written or unwritten)
 May be monarchies or Republics
 This is not democratic (no franchise for all)
 Yet England would experience the last of the
great Religious Wars
 The
Cromwell sandwich:
James I, Charles I, Cromwell, Charles II, James
II
 After Elizabeth died in 1603 she was succeeded
by James I, who was also king of Scotland.
 Henry VII’s daughter, Margaret Tudor married
James IV of Scotland
I
James V
I
Mary, Queen of Scots
m. Lord Darnley
I
James VI
 1603
James I (Stuart) replaced
Elizabeth (Tudor)
 Believed he was only responsible to
God and had control over everything
which conflicted with the principle of
due process
 Wrote The True Law of Free
Monarchy wanted freedom from
government, churchmen, and
customs
 James
was a divine right monarch (accountable
only to God) who had forced the rough Scots to
agree
 James was excited about controlling a country
with six times the revenue of Scotland
 England was glad of a young king who had
experience and was based on the European
model.
 Even though he was gay James also had two sons
which assured the line of succession.
 James looked much better than the old queen
who had modeled herself on her father
 “wisest
fool in Christendom”
 He could not live with the financial constraints
of Parliament
 House of Commons governed the royal finances
 The members of the Commons were better
educated than in previous govts.
 1614-21 he ruled without Parliament
 1618 the start of the Thirty Years’ War
 Frederick of Palatinate was James’s son-in-law
 But England was anti-Catholic and antiSpanish
 Charles
I (1625-29) more insensitive
than his father
 Charles I (1625) tried to rule without
Parliament and it almost crippled the
country
 Parliament didn’t trust Charles and
wouldn’t give him money
 George Villiers – the earl of
Buckingham became more influential
 Protestant
but valued the ceremonies of
Catholicism
 He continually demanded money from
Parliament until they refused
 He forced a loan and arrested 76 people who
refused to loan him money
 1628 Charles still needed money so he was forced
to recall Parliament
 Petition
of Rights:
a) king couldn’t borrow without consent of
Parliament
b) couldn’t arrest without due process
 The Stuarts tried to copy the French absolutist,
but they erred when they taxed the nobility
 Many
people believed the Reformation had not
gone far enough
 Wanted to purify the Anglican Church of
Catholic influences
 Most English were Calvinists, most zealous
were Puritans
 James I and Charles I gave the impression of
being sympathetic to Catholicism
 Charles supported archbishop of Canterbury
William Laud’s goal of religious uniformity
 Laud
insisted on complete uniformity with the
“Court of High Commission”
 Wanted to impose on the Scots:
a) new Anglican prayer book
b) bishoprics
 Both rejected by the Scots who rebelled
 Charles was forced to recall Parliament to get
funds
 Parliament was not willing to trust the king with
an army
 August 1640 the Scots invaded England and took
Northumberland and Durham
 Charles
calls Parliament but they only want to
discuss religious issues
 Charles disbands Parliament after 3 weeks Short Parliament
 Charles, desperate recalls Parliament
 Long Parliament sat from 1640-1660
 1640
the Scots invaded northern England
and captured Durham and
Northumberland and held them for 850
pounds a day
 Charles I tried to get another force
 This time he went to Parliament for
funding.
 Parliament:
a) 1641 Triennial Act - king must summon
Parliament every 3 years
b) Impeached archbishop Laud
c) Abolished the Court of High Commission
 Charles, fearful of an uprising, agreed
 1641 the Irish Catholics also rebelled
 Exaggerated stories of Protestant massacres
reached London
 The Commons voted to raise an army and get
revenge
 Charles
recruited army from nobility (Cavaliers)
 Parliament recruited an army (Roundheads)
 The English Civil War (1642-6) did not resolve
the problem of who would hold the power
 King
held the initial advantage
 1642 Charles marched to London to end the war
 At the Battle of Edgehill Charles won an
expensive victory
 The battle was watched by Oliver Cromwell
 Cromwell raised his own “New Model Army”
 Enforcing rigid discipline and religious zeal he
became the most successful Parliamentary leader
 1643 the king looked like being successful
 The Battle of Newbury was a draw but the king
suffered great losses
 Parliament
asked Scotland for an alliance
 Charles sought an alliance with the Irish
 1644 the Scots entered England and marched on
the Cavalier army at York
 1644 at Marston Moor the royalist were badly
defeated and their hold on the north was released
 1645 at Naseby the king was finally defeated
 1646 Charles surrendered to the Scots
is the “Interregnum” or Puritan
Commonwealth
 Theoretically, power rested with parliament
 Col Pride excluded 140 Presbyterian members of
Parliament from entering and admitted only 5060 Independents
 Rump Parliament
 1649 King Charles found guilty of treason
 1649 the office of the king and the House of
Lords abolished
 1649-1660
 The
army controlled Parliament, Cromwell
controlled the “New Model Army”
 “Protectorate” Cromwell’s rule was a military
dictatorship
 1653 Cromwell took control of Parliament i.e.
the House of Commons
 140 Puritan leaders were appointed – this was
the Barebones Parliament
 Dec 1653 the Barebones
Parliament is over
 1653-9 The Protectorate
 Three
groups evolved:
a) Presbyterians - associated with the Church of
England and Calvin
b) Independents - rejected a compulsory church
c) Radical Puritans
i. Fifth Monarchy - waiting for the second coming
of Christ
ii. Levellers - universal male suffrage, guarantees
of popular sovereignty
iii. Diggers - agrarian communists against private
property
 Cromwell:
a) divided the country into 12 military districts
b) The Instrument of Government gave religious
freedom to all, except Catholics
c) crushed rebellions in Ireland – Wexford and
Drogheda
d) enforced the Navigation Acts (English goods English ships)
which led to Anglo-Dutch Wars
e) welcomed Jews
 The state:
a) censored the press
b) forbade sport
c) closed the theaters
 Cromwell was an absolutist - died 1658
 Richard
Cromwell was a poor leader
 General Monck returned from Scotland
and recalled the Long Parliament
 He then forced Parliament to dissolve
itself
 The new Parliament of 1660 invited
Charles II to return as king
The Restoration - 1660
 Reestablished
the monarchy - Charles II
 Both houses of Parliament were restored
 Law courts restored
 New Triennial Act
Failed in two areas
• What was the attitude of the state towards
Puritans, Catholics, and dissenters?
• What was the relationship between king and
Parliament?
Test Act of 1673
 To
enforce religious conformity those
who refused to receive the sacraments of
the Church of England:
a) could not vote
b) hold public office
c) preach or teach
d) attend university
e) assemble for meetings
CABAL
5
advisors appointed by the king, also members
of Parliament:
Clifford; Arlington; Buckingham; AshleyCooper; Lauderdale
 Gave rise to ministerial responsibilities
 Parliament did not give Charles enough money
to rule - but acknowledged his divine right
 For
£200,000, (742,000 total) Charles agrees to:
a) relax laws against Catholics
b) re-catholicize England
c) support France against the Dutch policies
d) convert to Catholicism
 The people feared:
a) a Catholic dynasty
b) hated Louis XIV and absolutism
c) hated Catholicism
 The Commons passed a bill excluded Catholics
for the throne
 Charles dissolved Parliament - the bill never
passed
Glorious Revolution
 Charles
II was made king with the same
conditions as before the civil war
 1660s saw England develop mercantilist
policies - especially with overseas trade
 The Navigation Acts increased British
trade and hurt the Dutch
 1652-4 Three Anglo-Dutch Wars severely
hurt the Dutch
 Charles
II preferred Catholicism
 Secretly he promised to help Louis XIV (cousin)
make England Catholic for a loan
 Charles
had no children so his brother James II
succeeded him
 James appointed Catholics to high positions contrary to the Test Act
 James suspended the law at will and England
feared absolutism
Charles I
Charles II
Mary
James II
m. William of Orange
William
III
Mary II Anne
William III + Mary
 He
also declared
religious freedom for
all
 Two events signaled
revolution
i) seven bishops were
arrested for not
complying with the
Declaration of
Indulgence
ii) James’s second wife
produced a male heir
Wealthy English men offered the throne to
James’s Protestant daughter Mary and
William
Triumph of Government
 The
“Glorious Revolution” had very little
blood and was the end of divine-right
monarchy in England
 William and Mary accepted the throne
but recognized the supremacy of
Parliament
 The rights of the people were listed in the
Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights
 Laws
were made by parliament and could not
be suspended by the Crown
 Parliament had to be called at least every 3
years
 The Crown would not interfere with Parliament
 Judges would be independent
 No standing army in peace time
 English monarch must be Protestant
 Freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters
 Feb
13, 1688, the Declaration
of Rights was accepted and
proclaimed by William and
Mary. Declaration had three
main parts: 1. an indictment
of James II and his
transgressions,
2. a declaration of the rights
of citizens.
3. William and Mary declared
King and Queen of England,
with William to exercise all
power during his lifetime.
John Locke
 Second Treatise
of Civil Government defended
the revolution:
a) People set up governments to protect life,
liberty, and property
b) If government oversteps the bounds then it is
tyranny, people have a natural right to revolt
 The revolution was not democratic
 Sovereignty rested with Parliament
 Parliament reflected the Upper Class
 Created a constitutional monarchy - the age of
aristocratic government