Transcript powerpoin

ENGLAND: The Development
of Democracy
I. From Roman Empire to
Feudalism
• Classical Greece (2000 B.C.- 300 B.C.)
• Roman Empire (500 B.C.-500A.D.)
• Middle Ages (500 -1200)
KEY: during feudalism people had a loyalty to 2 places:
1. your lord
2. the Church
“The Great Chain of Being”
• Renaissance and Reformation (1300-1600)
II. Rise of Absolute Monarchs in Europe
A.
From Weak Medieval King to Absolute Monarch
1. Kings gradually becomes more powerful
a. kings- first among equals so at best he was no more than a
powerful feudal lord
b. by end of middle ages kings gathered more land and power
2. By the 1600s the King had become an absolute
monarch
a. ruler with unlimited power
b. In England the Tudors were the only ones who approached
absolutism
B. Factors Strengthening Royal Power
1. Many feudal lords killed in Crusades
2. Rising middle class
supported king to
assure protection of
property & trade
3. Longbow and Gunpowder
4. Nationalism
definition- pride in own country- self identity
C. “Divine Right of Kings”
1. King ruled by God’s authority
as his earthly representative
2. Obedience to king =
obedience to God
3. King could do no
wrong
Egypt= Pharoh
China=Emperor
U.S.= consent of people
4. Above justification for
unlimited royal power
D. Beginning of Nation-States
- occupy a definite territory
- under one gov’t
- culturally united
- speak same language
- loyalty to country
1. Common Nationalities in England, France
& Spain
2. Loyalty shifts from local lord & province to king & nation
3. Diverse nationalities in Prussia, Russia, and Austria
III. Developments in England: Strong
Monarchs and World Power
A. Early History
1. From 1st Century to the 11th Century A.D.
England invaded and inhabited by several
groups
a. Anglo-Saxons
b. Danes
c. Normans
2. Assimilation
B. Norman Invasion- 1066
1. King Edward “the Confessor”
- fights off Danes
- allows nobles to rule
- endeared by his people
a. dies without an heir
- lords name Harold the next king
- William, Duke of Normandy
Edward’s 2nd cousin claims throne
2. Harold Godwinson vs. William Duke of Normandy
a. as a kid court title was “William the Bastard”
b. after battle with Harold becomes “William the
Conqueror” How does he get this nickname?
READ BATTLE OF HASTINGS
3. Battle of Hastings (Oct. 14, 1066)
a. William “the Conqueror” becomes
King of England (1066-1087)
- lays foundation for royal power
in England
b. Problems?
-loyalty to French king AND
is King of Englandwhere’s the loyalty?
4. William Strengthens Royal Power
a. declared all England his personal property
Creates
-Doomsday Book
strong
centralized
b. gave land to loyal Norman lords & bishops while keeping
government
1/5 of England for himself
c. Salisbury Oath- lords pledged allegiance and military
service to him = more POWER!
5. Early Norman Kings
a. Henry II (1154-1189) –great grandson of William
i.) royal courts
ii.) jury system
-group of social equals~ 12 neighbors who
swore an oath to tell the truth
-judge made decision based on jury’s advice
-before disputed were resolved with a duel
b. King John (1199-1216)
What IS the Difference Between
Britain, England and the UK?
IV. FOUNDATIONS OF DEMOCRATICGROWTH
A. Jury System created by King Henry II
1. Intended to strengthen royal authority, but eventually used to further
democracy
- Henry only allowed King’s court to
juries to strengthen his power and weaken noble’s
B. Magna Carta (1215)
1. King can’t imprison freemen w/out judgment of peers
2. King may not levy taxes w/out consent of
Great Council
3. originally protected nobility but later
extended to all Englishmen
a. King not absolute, subject to laws
b. all persons guaranteed trial by jury
c. Great Council, later becomes
Parliament, is the only one who can
levy taxes
* John signed it but DID NOT follow it
• Henry II (Angevin): • replaces trial by
combat/ordeal with jury trials royal judge
presides,
• Richard “the Lion Hearted”
• Henry III
C. Model Parliament (1295)
1. Edward I (1272-1307) expands Great Council’s**
membership to include commoners
- he didn’t like being dependent on nobles for $
- w/towns & trade growing he saw opportunity to tax
middle class
2. Intended to ensure loyalty of wealthy middle class,
weaken nobles, and increase Edward’s power, but
eventually used to check royal power and further
democracy – IRONIC!!
D. Common Law
- based decisions on previous decisions
- legal precedents formed common law
- applied to all people
- held that life, liberty, or property could not be taken
illegally or arbitrarily
E. Parliamentary Lawmaking in 1300s
-Parliament threatened to witthold tax laws in order to get King to
accept its legislation on matters other than taxes
- Laws come to require the consent of Parliament and the
approval of the King
WATCH BRAVEHEART
Battle of Bonockburn 1314
Stirling Castle
V. Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
A. Causes
1. French covet territory controlled by English King
2. Edward III of England claimed French throne
3. Edward III invades France
B. Military Highlights
1. English won battles at
a. Crecy (1346)- Edward III leads English to victory
Longbow
gave the
b. Poiters (1356)- Edward, Black Prince, son
English
- outnumber 3:1
these 2
victories!
c. Agincourt (1415)- Henry V outnumbered 5:1
2. Longbow causes revolution
in warfare & society
the longbow•
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Gave the English a major advantage in all battles
Typically had 6ftl longbows with iron-tipped points
Effective from 200 yards & lethal from 60 yards
Tips could pierce metal
A good archer could shoot 10 shots a minute
reduced importance of nobles and knights on
the battlefield
• Pierce the armor of a knight
• Used to kill charging horses
“I’ve fallen and can’t get up” – commoners could
then step in for the easy kill
• Allowed commoners to now fight. Nobles with
their expensive equipment are no longer important
3. Hundred Years War was like a basketball/football Game
1st quarter- English winning 2/victories @ Crecy and Poiters
2nd Quarter- French start to win, get back in the game
3rd Quarter- English take a big lead with Henry V’s victory @
Agincourt, looks like a blow out
4th Quarter- France will be led to the greatest 4th quarter
comeback by ……….
……JOAN OF ARC
4. Joan of Arc
a. In 1429, as a peasant girl, heard divine voices
directing her to save France from English conquest
b. From King Charles VII she demanded and received
command of an army
c. Raised the English siege of Orleans and drove
English from France
d. In 1430 captured by English; in 1431 condemned
to as a witch and burned at the stake
C. Effect of War on England
1. Spurred English nationalism
2. With loss of French territory
began to devote energies
solely to England
VI. War of the Roses (1455-1485)
A. Cause
1. Two families of nobles make claim to the
throne
2. House of York (white rose) vs. House of
Lancaster (red rose)
Richard Duke of
York
Henry VII
Richard III
Roundworm
B. Results
1. Richard III killed in Battle of Bosworth
2. Lancastrians victorious & had Henry Tudor
crowned Henry VII
3. Power of monarchy increased
a. many nobles died
Richard III
b. middle class supports Tudor rule
c. Tudor family provided strong,
capable leadership
Bosworth
Edward V and brother Richard of York
HENRY VII
VII. Tudor Rule (1485-1603)
A. Henry VII (1458-1509)
1. Reestablished the king’s authority over nobles
2. Furthered trade and prosperity
3. Court of the Star Chamber
-used to put down people who challenged Henry’s authority
of spoke against him
- met in secret
-torture used for confessions
B. Luther Attacks the Church (1517)
1. 95 Theses
a. condemned the sale of indulgences
2. Calls for reform of Church
a. faith was the key to salvation, not good works
b. Bible the only authority for Christian life
-denied supremacy of the Pope
-Bible was only source of Church teachings
c. People don’t need priests to interpret Bible
-”priesthood of believers”
- Printing press helps spread Luther’s ideas
- many don’t like paying tithe to foreign
authority – the Pope, so many nobles
support Luther
3. Excommunicated, but Protestantism spread
throughout Europe
C. Henry VIII (1509- 1547)
1. 18 years old when he becomes king
2. devout Catholic
3. Married Catherine
of Aragon
a. 5 babies died in infancy
b. one child- Mary
c. worried about civil war if no male heir
d. asks pope for annulment
4. Henry’s Solution
a. Parliament legalized his divorce
Thomas
Moore
b. Married Anne Boleyn
-excommunicated
c. Act of Supremacy
- created Anglican Church
- King now head of Church
in England
d. Closed all monasteries and seized their
wealth and lands
e. Sold much of this land to nobles and
members of rising middle class
5. Henry’s Many Wives
a. Catherine of Aragon
-daughter Mary
b. Anne Boleyn
- daughter Elizabeth
c. Jane Seymour
-son Edward VI
d. Anne of Cleves
e. Catherine Howard
f. Catherine Parr
Thomas
Cromwell
D. Edward VI (1547-1553)
1. Staunch Protestant
2. Protestants gain power during his reign
D2. Lady Jane Grey (the Nine Day Queen)
- great granddaughter of Henry VII
E. Mary I (1553-1558)
1. Sought to make England Catholic
- Parliament is Protestant- conflicts
2. “Bloody Mary”
- had 200 Protestants killed for failing to
convert to Catholicism
- no separation of church and state- must be
F. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
1. marriage
a. resisted her advisor’s pleas to marry
suitable man
b. wanted to protect England
c. wanted to preserve her power
d. deliberately kept suitors like Phillip II
of Spain waiting
e. “Virgin Queen”
British Fire Ship attacks Spanish Armada
VIII. Unpopular Stuarts: Conflict with
Parliament (1603-1643)
A. James I (1603-1625)
1. Divine Right
2. Money
3. Puritans
Have You Seen This Before?
• Gunpowder Plot Oct 26, 1605
– Plot to assassinate King James and blow up
Parliament building (House of Lords)
– Reaction against anti-Catholic treatment
– 13 conspirators including Robert
Catersby and Guy Fawkes
– 36 barrels of gunpowder placed under
Parliament
- Plot failed- conspirators
captured and killed
- More harsh anti-Catholic
laws put into place
B. Charles I (1625-1643)
1. Divine Right
2. Money
3. Parliament Issues the Petition of Right (1628)
a. due process
b. not force loans or heavy taxes
without the consent of Parliament
c. He would not house soldiers in
private homes without consent of
owner
4. Dissolves Parliament from (1629-1640)
-continues to break Petition of Right
- becomes more unpopular
5. Persecuted Puritans
6. Chose William Laud as archbishop to
lead Church of England
C. Long-Term Causes of Civil War
1. Conflict between King and Parliament over:
a. religion
b. taxes
c. role of King and Parliament
D. Short-Term Causes of Civil War
1. Royal claim to divine right of kings
2. Charles disregard for Petition of Rights
3. Antagonizing Puritans
4. Attempt to arrest leaders of House of
Commons
E. Parliament Wins the Civil War
(1642-1645)
1. Roundheads vs. Cavaliers
loyal to Parliament
loyal to King
2. Quote from Roundhead
“ The question in dispute between the King’s party and
us was whether the King should be govern as a god by
his will, and the nation be governed by force like beasts
or whether the people should be governed by laws made
by themselves and live under a government derived from
their consent.”
3. Roundheads have money, but
need a good military leader
3. Oliver Cromwell
a. “I think he who prays best will fight best.”
b. New Model Army
c. defeats Charles’ army in 1645
d. Army refuses Parliament’s order to
dissolve
e. Cromwell defeats members who try to join forces with
Charles and captures Charles in August 1648
f. Charles put on trial for treason
IX. Cromwell Rules as Military Dictator (1653-1658)
A. Lord Protector
1. really just a military dictatorship, supposed
to be a republic
B. Puritans reform English society
1. shut down theaters
2. forbade sporting events
3. merrymaking and amusement became illegal
“King in all but name”
C. Irish (rebellion)
1. Drogheda- massacre "In the heat of the action, I forbade
them [his soldiers] to spare any that were in arms in the town...and,
that night they put to the sword about two thousand men".
2. Irish homes and land taken and given to English
soldiers
3. famine and plague (1641-1652)
X. Charles II Restored to the Monarchy A.
Restoration (1660-1685)
1. King returns to the throne
2. Merrymaking returns
3. Moderate ruler
4. Habeas Corpus
5. Problems over religion & $
6. Political Parties Developed
a. Whigs vs. Tories
James’ opponents
James’ supporters
B. James II (1685-1688)
1. James upsets supporters and opponents
a. practicing Catholic
b. strong believer in divine right
c. opened gov’t posts to Catholics
d. stationed 13,000 troops outside London
e. announced birth of son from second
marriage
C. Glorious Revolution or Bloodless
Revolution (1688)
1. William and Mary
2. Troops desert James II
XI. Rule of William and Mary
A. Changes
1. recognizes Parliament as a
leading partner in ruling England
2. Bill of Rights