Transcript High Middle Ages Part II clashing nations

High Middle Ages 1000-1260 AD
England in the Middle Ages
• England is a Province of
Rome inhabited by
Britons and Celts
• Scotland and Ireland are
Celtic and Pict-never
dominated by Rome
• Rome falls/leaves
• Germanic tribes invade
• Britons disappear as a
entity
• Angles and Saxons come
to dominate England
• Ireland is dominated
eventually in part by
Normans ,eventually by
Cromwell
• Scotland and England
fight almost until the
American Revolution
Ireland and the Normans
Are these modern day Picts?
Anglo-Saxon England
• Winners in England-the Angles and the
Saxons, originally Germanic invaders
• Many Small independent kingdoms that
Combine into Three larger kingdoms
• These kingdoms divided into shires in order
to rule more efficiently and a shire - reeve (?)
placed in power over them
• Eventually Wessex rules most of England
• And then it was time for what goes around
comes around…
Alfred the Great of Wessex
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Vikings invade
Alfred spends 10 years beating them back
Eventually he partially succeeds
His successors win back the rest of England
And then…
It’s the Vikings again !
1013 -they re-conquer England and Canute
rules England as part of Scandinavia
• 1042 -Vikings are poor rulers and the AngloSaxons are back in the driver’s seat again
with Edward the Confessor
Alfred commissions the first British Navy
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Edward the Confessor dies
childless
His cousin in Normandy claims
the throne
The Saxon nobles want Harold
of Wessex , a relative of the
Confessor by marriage, on
throne, because he is pure
Saxon
Harold wants it too
Harold made King and
immediately has to fight off the
Vikings and soon thereafter,
William of Normandy
The seeds of
modern England
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Normans are originally of Viking
descent from the French coast
See themselves losing England
after all that trouble with their
one previous victory in
England
William the Conqueror feels it is
his right through Edward’s oath
to him and by birth
William also has an axe to grind
William invades England and
kills Harold
Becomes William I
William I
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Illegitimate son of a
Duke and a tanner’s
daughter
Childhood and teens
spent escaping people
wanting to kill him
Occasionally placed
with strangers to hide
Married Matilda of
Wessex, who was 4 ft.
tall
Edward the Confessor
stated he was heir
when he was “held” at
William's manor
The Bayeau Tapestry Linen tapestry
commissioned to document the Battle of
Hastings and William’s victory from his
viewpoint (spin) by Bishop Otto in England
William’s take on Life
• Minimize everyone's power
but especially the nobles
• Keep the power in your
hands
• Watch closely for problems
that will arise
• Knowledge is power so get
the goods on everyone
• People try to cheat the
system
• Get the data on them so
they can not cheat you
• Never trust anyone
Results in…
• Altering feudalism so King holds the power
• Weakens the nobles by scattering their fiefs
wide and far
• Swear allegiance to the King and no one else
• All nobles are William’s vassals and no one
else's
• Gather data via the Doomsday book
• Monitor the nobles by having them to court
and going to their homes and letting them
put you up
“there was no single hide nor a
yard of land, nor indeed one ox nor
one cow nor one pig which was left
out".
Evolution of England’s Political System
 Henry I:
 William’s son.
 set up a court system.
 Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.
 Henry II:
 established the principle of common law
throughout the kingdom.
 grand jury.
 trial by jury.
Thomas Beckett’s Murder
Canterbury Cathedral
Richard the Lionhearted
• Succeeded his father Henry II as King
• Spent less than 10 months in England as
king because he was in the Crusades
• England functioned well without him
• Ask me about his wife’s eyes
• His brother , King John succeeds him as
King
King John (the one in Robin Hood)
• Nobles revolted regarding taxes John put on
them
• Forced John to sign the Magna Carta or die
• He signed at Runnymeade in 1215 and
agreed to
1. not place any new taxes without the
approval of the Great Council
2. not take property without paying for it
3. not to sell, buy, refuse or delay justice
4. to trial by a jury of peers
Why is the Magna Carta important?
• To the nobles?
• To the common
people?
• To The West?
• To you?
The Beginnings of the British Parliament
• 1260’s nobles revolt against Henry III
• Simon de Montfort rules England for a bit
• Wants the King’s council to be more
representative
• He called a council that included nobles
and middles class, knights and citizens
• Revolt crushed and Montfort killed
• But… this becomes the basis of today's
House of Lords and Commons in England
and our Senate and Congress
The Organization of the first British Parliament
 Great Council:
 middle class merchants, townspeople
[burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr.,
burghers in Ger.] were added at the
end of the 13c.
 eventually called Parliament.
 by 1400, two chambers evolved:
o House of Lords  nobles & clergy.
o House of Commons  knights and
burgesses.
Copy of
Medieval
drawing
of Simon
Montfort
made in
1244 that
was
destroyed
Edward I
• English Legal system divided into three
branches:
having to do with taxes and financial
accounting
having to do with cases between private
citizens
having to do with the King or government
William Wallace
• Led revolt of the
Scots against Edward
I, or Edward Long
Shanks the Spider
King
• Movie “Braveheart”
• Executed 1305
Revolts against England
Owen Glendower
• Led revolt of Welsh
against Henry IV
• Revolt foundered
when the New
French King
withdrew his
financial support
• Owen failed but was
never captured
• Last Prince of Wales
Henry IV.
• Brutal King
• Didn't learn from Henry II and murdered an
archbishop
• Married a second wife (Joan) who was rumored to
have poisoned his first and who was later convicted
of witchcraft by Henry V
• Many rebellions because he was so hated
• Needed money for the military and Parliament had to
approve so they said “Ok, if you agree that we are
free to voice dissenting opinions and will not be
punished by arrest for it, we’ll give you the money
you want”
• Basis of our right to freedom of speech
Joan and Henry
Meanwhile in France….
• France is bigger and more diverse than
England
• Small dukes of Frankish descent hold
power
• There is no central government that
matters until the last of Charlemagne's
descendents dies
Capetian Dynasty
• Last of the Frank kings dies
• Hugh Capet elected
by nobles to rule in 987
• Only rules a small islandThe Ile-de-France
• Holds on to power by cultivating
their right to rule through
hereditary and divine right
• Louis the Fat has the most power
and land of any of the Capetians
Germany
• Different from England
and France
• Strong tradition of elected
kingship and power held
in the hands of large
wealthy land blocs
• Strong desire to expand
territories, gather wealth,
and allegiance to one’s
“motherland”
• Strong desire to rebuild
Charlemagne's empire
Italy
• Chaos and anarchy
• Papal state, many other
small states and the
Byzantium empire rule
over the peninsula
• Muslims hold Sicily
• German princes view Italy
as an extension of
Charlemagne's empire
and their responsibility
Otto I
(Otto
the
Great)
• German Feudal nobles elect Otto as King, in 936 AD
• Otto has a thing about Italy; he wants it “bad”
• He conquers a bit of it and later joins with the Pope to
help him control other Italian lords
• In return he gets to rule northern Italy and is crowned by
Pope as the Holy Roman Emperor
• The rule of Otto and his sons lasts 800 years
Otto’s descendents
Henry III-
Henry IV-
• Saw Church as a tool of
his government that
should do as he said
• Three popes objected
so he got rid of them
and had his man
elected as Pope
• Saw the Church in the
same light as his father,
Henry III. Conflict with
Pope Gregory VII over
lay investiture. Both
Gregory and Henry
wanted to appoint
bishops. Gregory
excommunicated Henry
who suddenly realized
he was up a creek
without a paddle and
had better “fix” the
situation
The Climb to
Canossa
Henry at the Door
Concordat of Worms
• Henry V ( the miscreant Henry IV’s son)
and the Pope later settle the issue of lay
investiture
• King grants only worldly powers to church
officials such as land or appoint them as
his counselors
• Church grants only spiritual powers and
can elect their bishops, popes and such
The Actual Concordat in the Vatican Library
Worms Cathedral
Frederick Barbarossa 1152 to 1190.
• He liked Italy too
• Milan declined his request to govern them
so he destroyed it and drove the people
out
• Lombard League was formed and fought
against Frederick
• Peace settlement said the Lombard city
states could govern themselves but had to
recognize Frederick as overlord
• Cities are growing in power in Europe.
• The Times they are a-changing
Three views
of Frederick
Barbarossa
Pope Innocent III
• The Height of Medieval
Papacy and Church
Power
• He said Pope is over all
temporal and spiritual
powers
• Believed all blessing,
coronation, and
investiture of rulers
dependent upon the
Pope
• Supported genocide
against hereticsCathars
• Used interdict and
excommunication to
control Kings
• Called for two
crusades
Germany and Italy in a nutshell
• Italy remains split into small kingdoms
• Germany remains a jumble of independent
city states and feudal states
• Neither unified until the 1800’s
• How did this affect other European
countries? Such as England or France?
• How did it affect Italy and Germany?
So, as we go into the High Middle Ages
• Germany and Italy split
and disorganized
• The Church has
reached the height of
it’s Power and Prestige
• England and FranceFeudal nobles and
Kings struggle for
power. Weak king and
the nobles gain some
power. Strong King and
the nobles lose power.
• Cycle of war and
conquest
• Most people are serfs
legally tied to a manor
• Minimal trade
• Simplest of economies
• Few artisans, artists,
scientists, educated
• Short, Brutal lives for
majority of people on
earth at this time
Better things are coming though by
unexpected and undesirable
agents.
Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade
1095 AD
Why crusade?
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Economics
Healing the east-West religious schism
Religious fervor
Oversupply of Knights
The Turks and trade
Setting Out on Crusade
Christian Crusades: East and West
Knights Templar
Results
• Better weapons and
warfare techniques
evolved including the
astrolabe
• Trade increases with
the East and other
Europeans
• Exploration increased
in an effort to reach
the place where silk
was made
• Better medical
techniques, hygiene,
the concept of zero,
spices enter the
Europeans world
• The Muslim world
views any verbal or
physical interest in
their affairs as the
sign of another
Crusade