Transcript Part II chapterI-I

Part Two
History
Structure of Part Two
•Pre-feudal Society (Chapter I)
• Feudalism in England
Growth of Feudalism (Chapter II)
Decline of Feudalism (Chapter III)
• Capitalism in England
Growth of Capitalism (Chapter IV)
The Bourgeois Revolution (Chapter V)
The Development after Revolution (Chapter VI)
• Industrial Revolution and the Developing Great Britain
(Chapter VII-IX)
• Britain in and after the Two World Wars (Chapter X-XII)
Chapter I
Pre-feudal Society
I.
Early Settlement (…-55B.C.)
1. Before the great Ice Age:
cave men or stone age men
2. 3000B.C. :the Iberians from the
Mediterranean area
3. 750B.C. :
The Celtic tribes
First-750B.C. : Gaels
Second-500B.C. : Britons
Third-100B.C. :Belgae from Gaul
II. The Roman Occupation (55B.C.- 410)
1. Nominal conquest:
Between 55 and 54
B.C., Julius Caesar,
the great Roman
general, invaded
Britain twice.
2. The real conquest
began in 43A.D.
England became a
Roman Province in
name.
3. Contrast in attitudes
A. lowland Britons-accept
B. Inhabitants of Wales and
Scotland-revolt
Hadrian’s Wall:
The Picts and Scots in Scotland frequently
revolted against the Romans. About 122 AD, in
order to keep back the Picts and Scots, the
Romans built a wall, called Hadrian’s Wall.
4. Roman Civilization to Britain:
Norman-French culture, language, manners, and
innovations in architecture and methods of
warfare were introduced.
A. Architecture: For military purpose, they built
roads, castles and walls—the Hadrian’s wall.
They also built theatres, temples and other
fine buildings.
B. Class formed: The slave society was
introduced into England. The land lords,
officials, made up of the ruling class. Some
native people, Celts became slaves.
C. Religion: The Romans brought the new
religion, Christianity, to Britain.
III Anglo-Saxon Times (410-871)
1.Basic information
A. Germanic tribes: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
B. Reason: The first arrivals were invited by a
British king to defend against the Picts and Scots.
The Celts were pushed back to the mountains of
Wales, Scotland and across to Ireland.
C. Language: They spoke old English and modern
English descend from it.
2. Heptarchy
The three tribes formed a “nation of
English”, which were not united well.
England was divided into many kingdoms.
They often fought one another for 200 years.
This period was known as Heptarchy”.
Finally Wessex won and the king of
Wessex became the “king of the English”.
3. Unification
At the end of 8th century, Danish Vikings
began to invade England. Kingdoms got united
against the invaders. So England was formed.
The king Alfred was the most famous, brave,
capable man and he made him worthy of his
title “Alfred the Great”.
Feudal system began during the Anglo-Saxon
times.
4.The introduction of Christianity
A. Time: late 6th century
B. Event: English was united under one wellorganized church with bishop & cathedral.
C. Function: created ties between the kingdoms,
and the conversion to Christianity renewed
relations with Rome and the Continent.
D. Scholarship: in the forefront
IV. The invasion of Vikings and the
Danish Rule
1. Time: around the turn of the 8th century
2. Invaders: northern warriors, called the
Vikings, from Norway and Denmark.
3. Results: King Alfred made an agreement with
Guthrum
4. Significance:
The social system advanced
towards feudalism. Class
polarization became marked
with the peasants becoming
more servile.
5. the Danish Kings who ruled England
Sweyen
Ethelred (fled to France);
Canute
Edmund (after treaty died);
Harold I; Hardecanute
the English
Chapter II
The Growth of
Feudalism
I. The Norman Conquest (1066-1071)
1. The Norman Dukes
Normandy was the most highly organized
state, and the Norman ruling class were
Vikings. The most important class was the
knights.
2. Fuse:
Edward ruled for 24 years and died in
January, 1066. Harold was chosen to be
king. William, Duke of Normandy, heard the
news of Harold’s coronation, he got very
angry and claimed that he had the sole
right to be king of England because
Edward had promised the crown to him and
that Harold had promised to help him
become king of England. Duke William led
army and landed on the coast. The two
armies met at Hastings.
3. Consequences
•It increased the process of
feudalism.
•William established a strong
monarchy in England.
•He introduced new ideas in
laws.
•It brought changes in the
church.
•The French language came
along with the Normans.
4. William the Conqueror’s Rule
Under William, the feudal
completely established.
system
was
A. Land policy: He owned all the land
personally. He gave the landlords lands in
return for a promise of military service and a
proportion of the land’s produce.
B. Baron system: To restrain the growth of the
power of the barons, all landowners took the
oath that they would be faithful to the king
against all other men.
C. Domesday Book :In order to have a reliable
record of all his lands, his people and their
possessions, William sent his clerks to
compile a property record known as
Domesday Book. This book, completed in
1086, stated the population, state of
cultivation, and ownership of the land.
II. The Consolidation of Monarchy
1.Henry II’ s reforms
During the reign of Henry II, the power of the
crown was intensified further.
A. The Royal powers of justice were greatly
expanded. All land held in feudal tenure was
brought under royal jurisdiction.
B. For administration,the major reform was the
Inquest of Sheriffs in 1170.
C. In 1811 he issued the “Assize of Arms”
2. Conflict between Henry II and Thomas
Becket
Henry II, wishing to reform certain abuses in
Church, insisted that all clerks charged with criminal
offences should be tried in the king’s courts instead of in
the Bishop’s courts.
Henry quarreled with Thomas Becket, the
Archbishop of Canterbury. Four knights murdered the
Archbishop. Henry reconciled himself with the church
at the expense of many concessions.
Discontented barons rose in revolt and his son in
France took up arm against him.
III. The Great Charter
1. King Henry II
John
Richard
(Third Crusade)
2. Reasons:
• King John quarreled with French King for
territories
• disputed with the Pope for the see of
Canterbury
• opposed by barons and townsmen
• Barons opposed to John.
3. Contents:
A. the king was not to exact payments from the
feudal vassals without their consent;
B. the laws were not to be modified by the
arbitrary action of the king;
C. should the king attempt to free himself from
law, the vassals had the right to force the king to
obey it, by civil war or by otherwise.
4. Nature: a feudal document
5. Significance:
A. It granted to the townspeople
freedom of trade and selfgovernment.
B. The merchants and craftsmen in
England appeared for the first time
as a new political force.
C. The basic mass of peasantry,
who constituted five-sixths of the
population, was not taken into
consideration.
IV. The Beginning of Parliament
1. Origin: the Great Council, an advisory
assembly of the king’s chief feudal vassals,
including the clergy. The main purpose of the
King’s summoning parliament was to get
consent for taxation. The king, Henry III
wanted to defeat the lords and their charter.
2. Development:
So the baron rose up in opposition. Led by
the King’s brother-in-law, they forced the king
to dismiss his foreign advisors and accept their
own council of advisers instead. In 1264
Montfort defeated the royal army and took the
king prisoner. In the following year he called
Parliament. The parliament of 1265 is
generally considered the beginning of
parliament.
3. Accomplishments
Edward succeeded
Henry III and
created a secure,
self-confident and
flushing age.
In order to make
the legal and
political adjustment,
Edward carried out
a series of reforms.
All Estates Parliament
In 1295
400 members
Model Parliament
How did Feudalism develop in
England?
1. The beginning ---in Anglo-Saxon Times & the
Danish Rule.
2. Establishment --- Norman Conquest
3. Consolidation: reforms, the Great Charter,
parliament
4. Decline: wars, economy, rising
The End
The Battle of Hastings
The battle took place in 1066, nine miles
from Hastings, between Duke William’s army
and the king, Harold’s army. Harold was killed
and his army completely defeated. The Battle of
Hastings paved the way for the conquest of
England. Duke William was crowned, known in
history as William the conqueror.
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Henry II
Henry Plantagenet, established the House
of Plantagenet in 1154 as Henry II. During his
reign the power of the crown was intensified
further. And he made a serious reforms. Later
the barons rose in revolt and his sons in France
took up arms against him . After crushing all the
revolts he died in 1189.
The Assize of Arms
It was issued in 1181 by Henry II.
It was compulsory for every freeman
in England to be provided with arms.
Those arms were used only when
their owner was called out for
national service by the king’s
command.
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Hadrian’s Wall
Map of the Hadrian’s Wall
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