Transcript Tudors/Stuarts

TUDORS AND STUARTS
Henry VII
 Became
the first Tudor in 1485 after the
War of the Roses
 He rebuilt England’s commercial
ventures and expanded the wool trade to
Europe
 Improved tax collection
 Avoided costly foreign wars
 Had two sons: Arthur and Henry
Prince Arthur
 Older brother
to Henry VIII
 Married Catherine of Aragon
 He dies in 1502, just six months after his
marriage to Catherine
Henry VIII
 Not
quite 18 when his father died
 Handsome, intelligent, lively, rich
 Renaissance man
 Assertio Septem Sacramentorum
 Defender of the faith
 Not
interested in statecraft but war (the sport of kings)
 Empson and Dudley - executed
 Huge differences between him and his father. Henry
lived in a time of great monarchs
 Valois kings of France:
Louis XII (1498-1515) Francis I (1515-47)
 Hapsburgs of Spain:
Charles V Holy Roman Emperor (1515-56)
 1511
Papacy, Spain, and Venice formed the Holy
League - invited Henry - who attacked France
 1512 Henry invades France but disastrous
 1513 Henry invades again - wins Battle of the Spurs
and gets Tournai
 Scots sign “Auld Alliance” with France
 English defeat the Scots at Flodden Field, King James
IV is killed
 James V is the new king, Queen Margaret (Henry’s
sister) is regent for the boy
 Henry
decides to make peace with France
 His sister Mary marries Louis (52) who dies a year later
 1520 Spain and France are back at war
 Henry meets Francis at the Field of the Cloth of Gold
 1522 Henry allies with Spain against France
 Charles V defeats Francis at Pavia in Italy in 1525 and
controls the pope
Thomas Wolsey
 Vain,
arrogant, and corrupt - continually
accepted bribes - second richest man in England
 Did not want to anger the king – did not want to
anger the pope
 1527
Henry is concerned with the validity of his
marriage to Catherine of Aragon
 Leviticus declared a man who married his
brother’s wife would be childless
 Henry had been 18, Catherine 24 but only one
surviving child – Mary
 Henry worries about succession and has an
illegitimate son Henry Fitzroy, Duke of
Richmond
 Between 1525-7 Henry falls for Anne Boleyn Catherine is 40
 Henry asks Pope Clement VII for an annulment
 Dispensations
for monarchs were common but
Clement has 4 problems:
a) Charles V (Rome)
b) Charles and Catherine are related (nephew)
c) Papal infallibility (Julius II)
d) Lutheranism
 Wolsey fails the king and dies in disgrace
 Clergy
in Tudor England not really respected.
Resented by the people and lower clergy
 Resentment increased when money went to Rome
 Earlier breaks had been avoided:
a) criticism of the papacy was political not
religious
b) 14th century kings treated well by the pope
 Henry regarded the church as a barrier to good
government
 Clergy could demand to be tried by a court of
clergy
 1529 Henry summoned Parliament
 Initially, Henry hoped to scare the pope
 Late
1532 Catherine was moved from Whitehall
and Anne put in her place
 Anne became pregnant
 1533 Henry and Anne were secretly married
 1533
- Act in Restraint of Appeals - king
sovereign in England, no more appeals to the
pope
 1534 - Act for the Submission of the Clergy Henry was supreme head of the clergy and the
Church in England
 Ended the independence of the clergy
 1534 - Act of Supremacy acknowledged the king
as supreme head of the English Church on
earth
 An Act of Succession declared the throne
should go to the children of the king and Anne
 Sir Thomas
More was executed for not taking
the oath
 In 1536 Henry dissolved the small monasteries
 1539 the dissolved the rest
 Transition to Protestantism was easy with no
Catholic strongholds to protest
 The people accepted these changes surprisingly
well
 1536 - Pilgrimage of Grace amounted to little
 The people were hostile to Rome and the dogma
remained basically the same
 Daughter of
king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
 Henry divorced Catherine
 She still remained loyal to him and the Catholic
faith
 Anne
had been a maid of honor to Catherine
 Secretly married
 In 1536, charged Anne of adultery
 Beheaded on May 19, 1536
 Catherine
of Aragon: divorced: Mary
 Anne Boleyn: beheaded: Elizabeth
 Jane Seymour: died: Edward
 Anne of Cleves: divorced: ugly
 Catherine Howard: beheaded
 Catherine Parr: survived
Edward VI
 Only
son of Henry
 Became king at nine, educated by Protestants
 1549- Cranmer introduces the Book of
Common Prayer for all services
 Died from several sicknesses in 1553
Mary Tudor
 Became
queen after Edward died
 Devoted Catholic
 Nicknamed “Bloody Mary”
 Married Philip II of Spain she was 38 he was
27
 Very unpopular
 1554 Wyatt Rebellion -failed
Elizabeth
 Became
queen of England in 1558
 Highly educated
 Used her authority for the common good of her
people
 “Virgin Queen”
 1563 Thirty-nine Articles -basic tenets of the
Church
 1588 - Armada
Philip II (r 1556-1598)
 Son
of Charles V Holy Roman Emperor
‘universal monarch’
 Given control of the western Hapsburg empire
 1580 united the peninsula by adding
Portugal
 Hardworking, but very unlucky
 Married Mary I, his cousin
 El Escorial
 Outlived 4 wives
Stuarts
1603-1714
 The
Cromwell sandwich:
James I, Charles I, Cromwell, Charles II, James
II
 After Elizabeth died in 1603 she was succeeded
by James I, who was also king of Scotland.
 Henry VII’s daughter, Margaret Tudor married
James IV of Scotland
I
James V
I
Mary, Queen of Scots
m. Lord Darnley
I
James VI
 1603
James I (Stuart) replaced Elizabeth
(Tudor)
 Believed he was only responsible to God and
had control over everything which conflicted
with the principle of due process
 Wrote The True Law of Free Monarchy
wanted freedom from government,
churchmen, and customs
 James
was a divine right monarch (accountable
only to God) who had forced the rough Scots to
agree
 James was excited about controlling a country
with six times the revenue of Scotland
 England was glad of a young king who had
experience and was based on the European
model.
 James also had two sons which assured the line of
succession.
 James looked much better than the old queen
who had modeled herself on her father
 “wisest
fool in Christendom”
 He could not live with the financial constraints
of Parliament
 House of Commons governed the royal finances
 The members of the Commons were better
educated than in previous govts.
 1614-21 he ruled without Parliament
 1618 the start of the Thirty Years’ War
 Frederick of Palatinate was James’s son-in-law
 But England was anti-Catholic and antiSpanish
 Charles
I (1625-29) more insensitive than his
father
 Charles I (1625) tried to rule without
Parliament and it almost crippled the country
 Parliament didn’t trust Charles and wouldn’t
give him money
 Protestant
but valued the ceremonies of
Catholicism
 He continually demanded money from
Parliament until they refused
 1628 Charles still needed money so he was
forced to recall Parliament
 Petition of Rights:
a) king couldn’t borrow without consent of
Parliament
b) couldn’t arrest without due process
 The Stuarts tried to copy the French absolutist,
but they erred when they taxed the nobility
 Many
people believed the Reformation had not
gone far enough
 Wanted to purify the Anglican Church of
Catholic influences
 Most English were Calvinists, most zealous
were Puritans
 James I and Charles I gave the impression of
being sympathetic to Catholicism
 Charles supported archbishop of Canterbury
William Laud’s goal of religious uniformity
 Laud
insisted on complete uniformity with the
“Court of High Commission”
 Wanted to impose on the Scots:
a) new Anglican prayer book
b) bishoprics
 Both rejected by the Scots who rebelled
 Charles was forced to recall Parliament to get
funds
 Parliament was not willing to trust the king with
an army
 August 1640 the Scots invaded England and took
Northumberland and Durham
 Charles
calls Parliament but they only want to
discuss religious issues
 Charles disbands Parliament after 3 weeks Short Parliament
 Charles, desperate recalls Parliament
 Long Parliament sat from 1640-1660
 1640 the Scots invaded northern England and
captured Durham and Northumberland and
held them for 850 pounds a day
 Charles I tried to get another force
 This time he went to Parliament for funding.
 Parliament:
a) 1641 Triennial Act - king must summon
Parliament every 3 years
b) Impeached archbishop Laud
c) Abolished the Court of High Commission
 Charles, fearful of an uprising, agreed
 1641 the Irish Catholics also rebelled
 Exaggerated stories of Protestant massacres
reached London
 The Commons voted to raise an army and get
revenge
 Charles
recruited army from nobility (Cavaliers)
 Parliament recruited an army (Roundheads)
 The English Civil War (1642-6) did not resolve
the problem of who would hold the power
 King
held the initial advantage
 1642 Charles marched to London to end the war
 At the Battle of Edgehill Charles won an
expensive victory
 The battle was watched by Oliver Cromwell
 Cromwell raised his own “New Model Army”
 Enforcing rigid discipline and religious zeal he
became the most successful Parliamentary leader
 1643 the king looked like being successful
 The Battle of Newbury was a draw but the king
suffered great losses
 Parliament
asked Scotland for an alliance
 Charles sought an alliance with the Irish
 1644 the Scots entered England and marched on
the Cavalier army at York
 1644 at Marston Moor the royalist were badly
defeated and their hold on the north was released
 1645 at Naseby the king was finally defeated
 1646 Charles surrendered to the Scots
is the “Interregnum” or Puritan
Commonwealth
 Theoretically, power rested with parliament
 Col Pride excluded 140 Presbyterian members of
Parliament from entering and admitted only 5060 Independents
 Rump Parliament
 1649 King Charles found guilty of treason
 1649 the office of the king and the House of
Lords abolished
 1649-1660
 The
army controlled Parliament, Cromwell controlled
the “New Model Army”
 “Protectorate” Cromwell’s rule was a military
dictatorship
 1653 Cromwell took control of Parliament i.e. the
House of Commons
 140 Puritan leaders were appointed – this was the
Barebones Parliament
 Dec 1653 the Barebones Parliament is over
 1653-9 The Protectorate
 Cromwell:
a) divided the country into 12 military districts
b) The Instrument of Government gave religious
freedom to all, except Catholics
c) crushed rebellions in Ireland – Wexford and
Drogheda
d) enforced the Navigation Acts (English goods English ships) which led to Anglo-Dutch Wars
e) welcomed Jews
 The state:
a) censored the press
b) forbade sport
c) closed the theaters
 Cromwell was an absolutist - died 1658
 Richard
Cromwell was a poor leader
 General Monck returned from Scotland and
recalled the Long Parliament
 He then forced Parliament to dissolve itself
 The new Parliament of 1660 invited Charles II to
return as king
The Restoration - 1660
 Reestablished
the monarchy - Charles II
 Both houses of Parliament were restored
 Law courts restored
 New Triennial Act
Failed in two areas
• What was the attitude of the state towards
Puritans, Catholics, and dissenters?
• What was the relationship between king and
Parliament?
Test Act of 1673
 To
enforce religious conformity those
who refused to receive the sacraments of
the Church of England:
a) could not vote
b) hold public office
c) preach or teach
d) attend university
e) assemble for meetings
CABAL
5
advisors appointed by the king, also members
of Parliament:
Clifford; Arlington; Buckingham; AshleyCooper; Lauderdale
 Gave rise to ministerial responsibilities
 Parliament did not give Charles enough money
to rule - but acknowledged his divine right
 For
£200,000, (742,000 total) Charles agrees to:
a) relax laws against Catholics
b) re-catholicize England
c) support France against the Dutch policies
d) convert to Catholicism
 The people feared:
a) a Catholic dynasty
b) hated Louis XIV and absolutism
c) hated Catholicism
 The Commons passed a bill excluded Catholics for the
throne
 Charles dissolved Parliament - the bill never passed
Glorious Revolution
 Charles
II was made king with the same conditions as
before the civil war
 1660s saw England develop mercantilist policies especially with overseas trade
 The Navigation Acts increased British trade and hurt
the Dutch
 1652-4 Three Anglo-Dutch Wars severely hurt the
Dutch
 Charles
II preferred Catholicism
 Secretly
he promised to help Louis XIV (cousin)
make England Catholic for a loan
 Charles had no children so his brother James II
succeeded him
 James appointed Catholics to high positions contrary to the Test Act
 James suspended the law at will and England
feared absolutism
 He also declared religious freedom for all
 Two events signaled revolution
i) seven bishops were arrested for not complying
with the Declaration of Indulgence
ii) James’s second wife produced a male heir
Triumph of Government
Wealthy English men offered the throne to
James’s Protestant daughter Mary and William
 The “Glorious Revolution” had very little
blood and was the end of divine-right
monarchy in England
 William and Mary accepted the throne but
recognized the supremacy of Parliament
 The rights of the people were listed in the Bill
of Rights

The Bill of Rights
 Laws
were made by parliament and could not
be suspended by the Crown
 Parliament had to be called at least every 3
years
 The Crown would not interfere with Parliament
 Judges would be independent
 No standing army in peace time
 English monarch must be Protestant
 Freedom of worship to Protestant dissenters
 Feb
13, 1688, the Declaration of Rights was
accepted and proclaimed by William and
Mary. Declaration had three main parts: 1. an
indictment of James II and his transgressions,
2. a declaration of the rights of citizens.
3. William and Mary declared King and Queen
of England, with William to exercise all power
during his lifetime.
John Locke
 Second Treatise
of Civil Government defended
the revolution:
a) People set up governments to protect life,
liberty, and property
b) If government oversteps the bounds then it is
tyranny, people have a natural right to revolt
 The revolution was not democratic
 Sovereignty rested with Parliament
 Parliament reflected the Upper Class
 Created a constitutional monarchy - the age of
aristocratic government