Transcript The Articles of Confederation

Why is it important to have a
federal government and not
just a state government?
The Articles of
Confederation
The Articles of Confederation
The Articles were
written in 1777 by John
Dickinson, a Penn.
statesman
The Articles were
accepted by Congress
in 1781 and is
considered the first
national constitution
The Articles of Confederation
The fear of having too
much power in one
person’s hands reflects
the experiences the
colonies had under a
monarchy
In the Articles the state
governments limit the
power of the national
Congress
Weaknesses of the Articles of
Confederation
Congress had no power to raise taxes
Congress had no power regulate foreign or
state trade
Laws had to be approved by 9 out of 13 states
Congress did not have the power to enforce
laws
Strengths of the Articles of Confederation:
Settling Western Lands
 The Land Ordinance of 1785, stated that land
in the west was to be surveyed using a grid
system to establish 6 mile blocks
 The Southwest Ordinance assisted in the
orderly expansion of the United States, it
outlined a plan for applying for statehood to
western territories
 5,000 free males who own 50 acres can start govt
 Population of 60,000 could become a state
Settling Western lands
The Northwest
Ordinance provides an
orderly settlement
process in the West
It promised
no slavery
education
freedom of religion
trial by jury
Northwest Territory
The Northwest
Territory was east of
the Mississippi River
and north of the Ohio
River. The states of
Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
Michigan, and
Wisconsin would be
formed from this area.
Samuel Adams
“Rebellion against a
king may be
pardoned, or lightly
punished, but the man
who dares to rebel
against the laws of a
republic ought to
suffer death”
Thomas Jefferson
"A little rebellion now
and then is a good
thing. It is a medicine
necessary for the
sound health of
government. God
forbid that we should
ever be twenty years
without such a
rebellion."
North America and Pelham
Shay’s Rebellion
Several hundred farmers from Pelham and
scores of other rural communities of western
Massachusetts converged in the courthouse in
Northampton.
This occurred at a time of great economic
depression which hit farmers hardest.
Why the Rebellion?
The state raised property taxes to
pay off state debt-tax
Two thirds of those who marched
had been sued for debt or spent time
in debtor’s prison— the people were
looking for state relief.
A Rural Massachusetts in Colony Rises in
Defense
A militia from eastern Massachusetts crushed
the rebellion.
Conservatives concluded it was time “to clip
the wings of a mad democracy.”
The Crisis of the 1780s
Postwar Inflation, 1777–80: The Depreciation of
Continental Currency
FIGURE 8.2 The Trade Deficit with Great Britain
Toward a New National Government
Nationalists wanted stronger central
government to deal with the economic crisis
Representatives from five states met in
Annapolis
Called for convention to propose changes
in the Articles of Confederation
Congress endorsed a convention for
revising the Articles of Confederation.
George Washington presides over a session of the
Constitutional Convention
The New Constitution
Fifty-five delegates from twelve states
assembled in Philadelphia in May 1787.
The Constitution was framed by white
men who represented America’s social
and economic elite.
Although committed to republicanism,
the Framers were not democrats and
many feared giving too much influence to
the lower classes.
The Constitutional Convention (cont'd)
The Great Compromise

th
3/5
compromise
The Constitutional Convention (cont'd)
To insulate the election of the president
from the popular vote, a electoral college
was created to select a president.
Ratifying the New Constitution
Federalists supported Constitution.
Anti-Federalist: Constitution gave too much
power to the central government and that a
republic could not work well in a large nation.
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John
Jay published The Federalist Papers that
helped secure passage.
MAP 8.1 The Ratification of the Constitution, 1787–
90
The Bill of Rights
Several states including Virginia, agreed to
ratification only if a bill of rights would be
added.
Under Madison’s direction, Congress drew up
twelve articles from Anti-Federalist proposals
and sent them to the states.
A cartoon published in July 1788, when New York
became the eleventh state to ratify the Constitution
The Federal Judiciary
The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the federal court
system with district and circuit courts added to
Supreme Court established in the Constitution
headed by Chief Justice John Jay.
Two coins from the first decade of the federal
republic
Alexander Hamilton (ca. 1804)
MAP 8.2 Spread of Settlement:The Backcountry
Expands, 1770–90
Little Turtle, a war chief of the Miami tribe of the
Ohio Valley
MAP 8.3 Spanish Claims to American Territory,
1783–95
The Columbian Tragedy
The Crisis of 1794
By 1794, the government faced a crisis over western
policy.
Western farmers were refusing to pay the whiskey
tax.
An army sent into western Pennsylvania ended the
Whiskey Rebellion.
Washington’s Farewell Address
 In his farewell address, Washington praised the political and economic
accomplishments of the new government, but warned against the evils of political
factionalism.
 In foreign policy, he urged Americans to seek peace and trade but to avoid
entangling alliances with the European powers.
President George Washington reviews some 13,000
troops at Fort Cumberland
Contemporary cartoon, Congressional Pugilists,
Congress Hall in Philadelphia, February 15, 1798
The Rise of Political Parties
 During the late 1700s shifting coalitions began to polarize into political factions.
 Hamilton’s supporters claimed the title “Federalist.”
 Thomas Jefferson’s supporters called themselves “Republicans.”
The Rise of Political Parties (cont'd)
 These coalitions shaped the election of 1796, which the Federalist John Adams
narrowly won.
 Jefferson, the Republican candidate, became vice president.
The Adams Presidency
 Relations with France deteriorated When France began seizing American shipping,
the nation was on the brink of war.
 The X, Y, Z Affair made Adams’s popularity soar.
The Alien and Sedition Acts
 Alien and Sedition Acts
 severely limited freedoms of speech and of the press; and
 threatened the liberty of foreigners.
MAP 8.4 The Election of 1800
Election banner, illustrated with an American eagle
and a portrait of Jefferson.
Women on the Intellectual Scene
 Although women’s literacy rates were lower than that of men, a growing number of
books were specifically directed toward women.
 Several authors urged that women in a republic should be more independent.
 Judith Sargent Singer promoted feminism, leading conservatives to react with
horror.
The New Nation
 Only 3 percent of Americans lived in cities.
 100,000 Native Americans lived the American West
 Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, Boston, and New York dominated trade.
The launching of a ship from Becket’s Shipyard in
Essex, Massachusetts, in 1802
Sitka, the center of Russian activities in Alaska, in
1827
MAP 9.1 North America in 1800
FIGURE 9.1 American Export Trade, 1790–1815
Cotton and the Economy of the Young
Republic
The plantation regions of the South were
heavily involved in marketing crops
overseas.
Trade with Britain was considerably less
than before the Revolution.
The Jefferson Presidency
Thomas Jefferson
Republican Agrarianism
 Thomas Jefferson emerged as a strong president with strong party backing.
 Jefferson’s ideal was an agrarian republic of roughly equal yeoman farmers.
 Jefferson envisioned a nation of small family farms.
Jefferson’s Government
 Jefferson reduced the size of the federal government.
 The Post Office was the only contact most Americans had with the federal
government.
The original Capitol building.
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison
A. Jefferson (Republican) defeats
Adams (Federalist) in the Election
of 1800
Marbury v. Madison
1. On his last day, Adams fills courts
with as many Federalist judges as
possible
They were called “midnight judges” - Adams
waited until 9 o’clock on his last night as
President to appoint them.
Marbury v. Madison
2. Jefferson becomes President the
next day but some of Adams’
judges have not yet received their
official forms
a. Jefferson says they cannot
be judges
Marbury v. Madison
b. Jefferson orders James
Madison (Secretary of State)
not to give out the papers to
the judges
Marbury v. Madison
3. William Marbury is one of the
judges affected by Jefferson’s
decision
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury says Judiciary Act of 1789
gives the Supreme Court the right to
do review this
Marbury v. Madison
4. John Marshall, the chief justice
and a Federalist, listens to
Marbury’s case
Marbury v. Madison
b. Marshall says Judiciary Act
would allow Supreme Court to
force Madison into making
Marbury a judge
Marbury v. Madison
- Marshall decides that forcing the
government to make Marbury
judge would be unconstitutional
Marbury v. Madison
5. Marshall’s ruling establishes
Judicial Review - Supreme Court
can declare act of Congress
unconstitutional
Marbury v. Madison
 So what does this ultimately mean?
 Supreme Court can deem whatever they want constitutional or not…They become
the final say
Opportunity: The Louisiana Purchase
 France and Britain are in conflict
 Napoleon’s has the Louisiana Territory
 Jefferson attempted to buy New Orleans, but accepted the French offer to buy the
entire territory.
 The purchase doubled the size of the United States
Incorporating Louisiana
 http://www.history.com/topics/louisiana-purchase
MAP 9.2 Louisiana Purchase
Madison and the Failure of “Peaceable
Coercion”
 Elected in 1808, Madison faced renewed Federalist opposition.
MAP 9.3 Indian Removals and Resistance, 1790–
1814
The War of 1812
Devastation in Washington
MAP 9.4 The War of 1812
“A Scene on the Frontiers as Practiced by the
‘Humane’ British and their ‘Worthy’ Allies”
The War Hawks
 Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun were leaders of a new generation of War Hawks
from the South and West that supported war as a means of expansion into Florida
and Canada.
 Madison’s declaration of war received no Federalist support.
 The U.S. entered the War of 1812 deeply divided.
The War of 1812
 America was unprepared for war and humiliated when the British captured and
burned Washington DC in 1814, forcing Madison to flee.
The War of 1812 (cont'd)
 American naval victories could not break the British blockade and did little to
affect the outcome of the war
The Campaigns Against Northern and Southern
Indians
 American efforts to capture Canada failed due to:
 New England opposition;
 the strength of the British-Indian forces; and
 the resistance of Canadians.
 The Americans won the Battle of the Thames.
The Treaty of Ghent
 The end of the war in Europe removed the real causes for the war.
 The Treaty of Ghent ended the war without addressing the major grievances, but
the British did agree to evacuate the western forts.
 Andrew Jackson’s victory at New Orleans saved American pride.
Battle of New Orleans
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VL7XS_8qgXM
“The Pioneer Settler and His Progress,”
MAP 9.5 Spread of Settlement: Westward Surge,
1800–1820
Another Westward Surge
 Peace brought widespread Indian removal that opened lands and enabled
Americans to resume their westward migration.
Another Westward Surge (cont.)
 The Old Northwest shared New England values.
 The Old Southwest was based on plantation slavery.
The Election of 1816 and the Era of Good
Feelings
 James Monroe presided over the post-war “era of good feelings.”
 Elected over the last Federalist candidate in 1816, Monroe was unopposed in
1820.
 Fears of Monroe in the north were eased by his moderation, leading a Federalist
journalist to call it an “Era of Good Feelings”
The American System
 Note handout
The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams
 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams laid the foundation for continued
expansion.
 The Adams-Onis Treaty turned over Florida to the United States and relinquished
claims to Louisiana.
The Diplomacy of John Quincy Adams (cont'd)
 Adams designed the Monroe Doctrine.
MAP 9.6 John Quincy Adams’s Border Treaties
The Panic of 1819
 A land boom was financed by speculative buying and easy credit.
 The Panic of 1819 was triggered by the Second Bank of the United States
foreclosing on loans that led to six years of depression.
 The Panic of 1819 hurt urban workers suffering from the decline in trade and
manufacturing failures.
The Panic of 1819 (cont.)
 Manufacturers pressed for higher protective tariffs, angering Southerners.
 Jefferson’s republic of yeoman farmers had failed to develop and the U.S. had
become tied to commerce.
MAP 9.7 The Missouri Compromise
The Missouri Compromise
 Effort to admit Missouri into the Union as a slave state created a crisis.
 Northerners opposed the creation of new slave states because it would tip the
balance between slave and free states.
 Southerners sought to expand slavery and were concerned that Congress would
even consider the matter.
The Missouri Compromise (cont’d)
 Henry Clay forged a compromise that maintained the balance between free and
slave states.
 Maine was admitted as a free slave state and slavery was barred north of
Missouri’s southern boundary.
 Southern resentment of Northern attacks on slavery led to greater sectional unity
and national tensions.
Conclusion
An Empire For Liberty,
1790–1824
 As the U.S. grew and developed before and after the War of 1812, national
expansion became a dominant and troubling theme as Jefferson’s united “Empire
of Liberty” failed to materialize and sectional tensions grew.
Chronology