Transcript Notes

The Election of 1800
• Was a nasty campaign
• Jeffersonian newspapers accused Adams of
being a monarchist, godless man
• Jefferson won the popular vote, but could not win
the majority vote in the Electoral college
• The election was now in the hands of the House
of Representatives
The Election of 1800
• The Federalist controlled the House of
Representatives
• On February 17, 1800 the House
elected Thomas Jefferson as the third
president
The Election of 1800
Why Adams Lost and Jefferson Won
• Adams lost because he failed to quiet his critics
and angered many of his supporters
• Jefferson won because he preferred local gov’t
over national gov’t
The Jefferson Administration
• Thomas Jefferson entered office with a
straightforward agenda
• His goal was to reduce the influence of the
national gov’t
• He also refused to deliver speeches to Congress,
because it seemed too much like the act of a king
• Told congress that he wanted to be addressed as
“Mr. President”
Domestic Changes
• Jefferson reduced the amount of taxes paid by
the American people and severely cut the size of
the federal bureaucracy
• Cut the army from 12,000 soldiers to 3,000
• Jefferson’s goal was to limit the national
government’s presence in people’s lives
• Jefferson’s programs made him an extremely
popular during his 1st term
Hamilton and Burr
• Hamilton and Burr agreed to a duel on July 11,
1804 at Weehawken, New Jersey
• They have been enemies for years due to
opposing viewpoints
• Burr was untouched, but Hamilton was mortally
wounded
The Judiciary Acts of 1801
• Decreased the number of Supreme Court
justices and increased the number of federal
judges
• Midnight Judges were the last minute
appointments of Supreme Court justices by
President John Adams. Adams appointed
judges that opposed Thomas Jefferson
Marbury v. Madison
Marbury v. Madison
• Thomas Jefferson tried to block the appointment
of William Marbury as Justice of the peace
• Told Secretary of State James Madison to not
deliver the papers that gave Marbury the
authority
• Marbury sued Madison demanding his
appointment
Marbury v. Madison
• Chief John Marshall ruled against Marbury
stating that it was against the constitution for the
Supreme Court to give this order to the
executive branch.
• This case established the power of Judicial
Review
Judicial Review
• Judicial Review enables federal courts to
review state laws and state court decisions
to determine if they are in keeping with the
federal constitution
• It also allows federal courts to decide
whether laws passed by Congress are
constitutional
The Louisiana Purchase
• American farmers in the West depended on
the Mississippi River to transport their
crops to foreign markets
• French ruler Napoleon Bonaparte took over
the Mississippi River and began to charge
American traders large sums of money to
travel the Mississippi
The Louisiana Purchase
• Fearing French control and Napoleon’s
ambitions, Jefferson sent James Monroe
and Robert Livingston to Paris to buy the
city of New Orleans
• They were instructed to only spend 10 million
dollars for the land
The Louisiana Purchase
• Napoleon offered to sell them not only New
Orleans, but also all of the French claims known
as Louisiana
• Monroe and Livingston offered Napoleon 15
million for the territory
• This became known as the Louisiana Purchase
• The actual cost of the land was 11.25 million dollars
and the rest was covering debts owed to France
The Louisiana Purchase
• Jefferson was troubled when he heard about the
agreement
• But he urged congress to approve the sale
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• Jefferson personally chose his private
secretary Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark to head the exploration of
the new territory
• Their journey began in 1804
Lewis and Clarks goals
• Search for river routes to the western
ocean
• Make contact with the Native
Americans living in the territory
• Gather information about the region’s
natural resources
Sacajawea
Sacajawea
• Shoshone Indian that helped Lewis and Clark
navigate through the U.S. new territory
• American legend says that she was the
expedition's indispensable guide, and as such
she has been the subject of more
commemorative sculptures and paintings than
any other woman in American history.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• The expedition reached the Pacific Ocean
in late 1805 and returned east by
September 1806.
• Journey lasted 2 years
• Their journey was extremely successful
• They came back with extensive details of
the vast lands west
The Embargo of 1807
• In 1807 after Jay’s Treaty expired British and
French ships began harassing American ships
that were trading with European countries.
• In 1807 the British ship, the Leopard attacked
and killed 21 American crewmen.
• Americans were outraged, in response Jefferson
passed the Embargo of 1807 which outlawed
trading with almost all foreign countries
The Embargo of 1807
• Britain and France were unaffected by this
• Americans hated it and more specifically New
Englanders because they made a living by
trading with European countries.
• This Embargo ruined Jefferson’s second term
because many Americans dispised the direct
interference of the national gov’t in their
economy.
Native American Relations
• Prior to the American colonies gaining
independence, relations between N.A and
colonist were marked by violence
• Treaty of Greenville
• N.A. lost the southern two-thirds of Ohio
• Ohio River was no longer a divider between
their land and American settlers land
Native Americans Reaction
• Four possible options
• Accepting white culture
• Assimilating
• Returning to Indian religious traditions
• Taking military action (Battle of
Tippecanoe)
Leading up to the War of 1812
• After the Battle of Tippecanoe Native Americans
continued their attacks against settlers moving
into their land
• Most Americans believed they were being
encouraged by the English
• Among those who blamed the British were
some members of Congress
Leading up to the War of 1812
• There were now new
members of Congress
from the South and West
who represented the
interest of farmers
moving into the N.A.
territory
• The new members
included Henry Clay of
Kentucky, John C.
Calhoun of S. Carolina
Leading up to the War of 1812
• These fellows were known as the War Hawks
• They favored a war with Britain to push the British
completely out of North America and put a stop to
N.A. attacks in the west
• June 1812, President James Madison urged
congress to declare war against the British
• Because they were encouraging N.A. to attack
U.S. settlers and they interfered with American
supplies
Impressment
• Impressment is the act of forcing people into
military service.
• British ships regularly stopped American ships
at sea and removed men, including American
citizens, to serve in the British Navy
• Congress officially approved Madison’s call
for war
The War of 1812
• At the time this was not
the smartest decision
due to the fact that the
United States had a
small army and navy.
• Not only would they
have to deal with the
British, but also the
Native Americans
The Land War
• Americans believed that the United States could
strike swiftly and effectively at Britain by invading
British-held Canada.
• American troops who were poorly equipped and
led-were beaten by the British in the summer of
1812
The Naval War
• Despite the fact the British ships outnumbered
Americans ships, Americans at first won a
number of victories at sea
• In 1813 a British warship fought and captured
the American warship Chesapeake off the coast
of Massachusetts
The Naval War
• In time the British Navy superiority caught up to
the United States
• 1814 Britain turned all of its attention to the
United States (fighting against the French in
Europe)
• Summer of 1814 14,000 British troops
unsuccessfully tried to invade the United States
from Canada