Transcript Between The Wars

Between The Wars
CH 28 – RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
CH 29 - NATIONALISM AND REVOLUTION
CH 30 – CRISIS OF DEMOCRACIES
Russian Revolution
 March Revolution
Czars made reforms
 Duma created but no power
 Nicholas II blocked anything to take his power
 Marxists tried to ignite the proletariat
 WWI strained Russia
 Nicholas went to front to lead, knew nothing
 Left domestic affairs to czarina, Alexandra (German)
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Rasputin
 Alexandra relied on Gregory Rasputin for advice
 Illiterate peasant, self-proclaimed holy man
 Personality made him popular healer
 Helped son with hemophilia
 Rasputin became powerful gov. advisor to
Alexandra
 Nobles disliked him, killed him
 Poisoned, shot, ran, shot, clubbed, thrown in
river
 Cause of death: drowned
Collapse of the Monarchy
 March 1917 – everything was bad
 Food, fuel shortages
 Czar abdicated
 New government set up, continued war
 Troops began to desert
 Cities set up soviets: councils of workers & soldiers
 Bolsheviks: radical socialist group
 V.I. Lenin becomes leader
The November Revolution
 Lenin and Leon Trotsky: Peace, Land, and Bread
 November 1917 – Red Guards attacked government
 Fell without a struggle
 Bolsheviks made Moscow the capital
 Ended private ownership of land,
gave to poor
 Workers got control of factories
 New flag
 Bolsheviks became Communists
Russian Civil War
 Signed treaty with
Germany, out of WWI
 3 years: Reds
(communists) vs. Whites
(czarists)
 Allies of WWI sent troops
to Whites
 Brutality and reign of
terror
 Czar, Czarina, 5 kids killed
 War Communism: gov. takes everything
 Trotsky made Red Army strong
 Poor unit: every 1oth man shot
 1921: Over, millions dead, chaos among people
Building Communist Soviet Union
 1922 – wrote constitution
 Political power, resources and production belonged
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to the workers
Became Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Communists reigned supreme
Army and secret police used for any bidding
Set up NEP – capitalist ideas
Small businesses, private profit
By 1928, back to normal
Stalin’s Five Year Plans
 Wanted Modern industrial power
 Several “Five Year Plans”
 All economic activity under gov. control
 Set high production goals: rewards and punishments
 Standard of living was low
 Took animals, tools, land =
Set up farm collectives
 Peasants killed animals,
ruined land & tools
 Famine and death followed
The Great Purge
 Stalin feared being overthrown
 1934 – started Great Purge
 Crimes: counterrevolutionary to failing to
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meet quota
Public “Show Trials” – confessions of
former officials
Killed or sent to Siberia
Showed consequences of disloyalty
Mistake: Killing military officials
Soviet Foreign Policy
 Wanted to start worldwide revolution
 Started “Red Scare” in US
 Tried to join League of Nations
 West was skeptical of USSR
 Didn’t like threat of revolution
Life in a Totalitarian State
 Terror
 Complained = labor camp
 Propaganda to create extreme nationalism
 Only allowed atheism – all religions banned
 Built schools to create workers
 Censorship of news, books, movies, paintings
Revolutions Around the World
Mexican Revolution
 1910 – Porfirio Diaz was dictator for 35 years
 Prosperity only for wealthy, poor suffered
 Reformer, Francisco Madero demanded elections
 Revolution began
 Groups of rebels grew and waged war on Diaz
 1917 – Venustiano Carranza voted in
 Wrote a constitution
Mexican Reforms
 Nationalization – government takeover
 Took land, divided up large estates and church land
 Set minimum wage
 Gave women rights
 1929 – PRI or Institutional Revolutionary Party
 Economic Nationalism – emphasis on domestic goods
 Cultural nationalism – pride in ones culture
 Good Neighbor Policy
 Pres. Roosevelt vowed to work with LA, not against it
Africa and Colonialism
 Africans resented colonization
 Protested over loss of land, taxes, ID
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cards
South Africa imposed apartheid
Legal separation of blacks and whites
Pan-Africanism created united front
to Europeans
Created set of rights for Africans
Ignored by Western powers
Turkey and Iran
 Ottoman Empire collapsed after WWI
 Turks overthrew sultan, set up nation
 Reforms
 Western calendar, western clothes, no veils, polygamy banned
 Iran
 Resented Russia and British rulers
 Overthrew the shah
 Similar reforms to Turkey
European Mandates
 Arab nations helped in war, promised independence
 Instead were carved up to European nations
 Zionists wanted Jewish homeland
 British promised Palestine to Jews
 Arabs wanted to keep Palestine
 Anti-Semitism erupts in Europe
India
 India owned by British since 1885
 Wanted independence
 Mohandas Gandhi lead revolts in South Africa
 Used non-violent protests and civil disobedience
Salt March
 British banned Indians from using salt
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from sea, only buy it
Gandhi & 78 followers marched 240
miles to sea
People joined, 1000s reached sea
Jailed for picking up salt
World saw Brits use force on peaceful
people
Became independent in 1947
China
 1900s – China in chaos
 Japan wanted to annex China
 May 4th Movement
Students in Beijing began boycott of Japan
 Marches and protests
 Like the idea of communism
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Jiang and Mao Zedong
 Jiang took over Guomindang (Nationalist) Party
 Mao - communist leader
 Fought constantly
 Jiang gathered Mao and 100,000 on Long March
 6000 miles in 1 year
 Mao forced discipline that gained them followers
 20,000 survived
 Set up new base
Japanese Invasion
 1931 – Japan invades Manchuria
 Jiang had to join with communists to fight back
 December 13, 1937 Japan enters Nanjing
 City surrendered
 Competition between 2 Japanese generals to kill
 Troops killed hundreds of thousands
 “Rape of Nanjing”
Empire of the Rising Sun
 Japan grew powerful in 1920s
 Seemed peaceful and good economy
 Problems with peasants, low wages
 Youth revolted against old ways
 Great Depression caused high unemployment
Nationalism in Japan
 Ultranationalists rioted
 US shut out Japanese immigrants
 Attacked Manchuria without orders
 League of Nations angered, Japan left
 Government pushed tradition in schools
 Students taught “absolute obedience to empire”
Crisis of Democracy in the West
Post War Issues
 Problems in Big Three countries
 No jobs for vets, debt, lack of leaders
 1920s – Europe signed “Ban War Forever” Treaty
 Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928 = Outlawed War
 All nations promised to disarm
Key:
Dark green - original
signatories
Light green- later
adherents
Light Blue territories of parties
Dark blue - League
of Nations mandates
of parties
The Great Depression
 Overproduction of goods
 People had too much debt
 November 29, 1929 – US Stock
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Market Crashed
Effected every nation in the world
Communists gloated about
capitalism’s collapse
Rebounded in 1932 with Pres.
Roosevelt’s New Deal
All countries began to come back
Fascism in Italy
 1919 Benito Mussolini took power
 Black Shirts – private, socialist police
 10,000 Fascists marched on Rome to
take power
 Became Il Duce = the leader
 Used terror to rule, censor
 Strong, stable government but little
personal freedom
The Weimar Republic
 1919 German Constitution set up Chancellor
 Government wasn’t very strong
 Inflation hurt everyone
 July 1922 – 100 marks, August 1923 – 944,000 marks
 By 1924, West helped slow inflation
 Stabilized but then Great Depression hit
Adolf Hitler
 Born in Austria
 Rejected from Art School
 Fought in WWI
 Joined National Socialist German Workers (Nazis)
 Became leader
 1923 – Wrote Mein Kampf = goals and ideas
 Extreme nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism
 Urged Germans to unite
 Gain Lebensraum, living space
Road to Power
 Jailed for attempting to over throw Chancellor
 Used Depression to give speeches
 Gained followers easily
 Promised jobs and defy Versailles Treaty
 Nazis won seats in government
 Elected Chancellor in 1933 legally
The Third Reich
 Totalitarian state
 Efficient but brutal, terror, repression
 Gestapo = secret police
 Launched public works to combat depression
 Began to rearm the country
 Believed “Extremes must be fought by extremes”
 Created “Hitler Youth” to recruit children
 Wanted “Pure-blooded Aryan” people
Campaign against the Jews
 Wanted to drive the Jews from Germany
 Nuremberg Laws – restricted Jews
 No school or teaching
 No marrying Germans
 No government jobs
 Couldn’t be doctor or lawyer
 No publishing books
 Jews fled, like Einstein
Kristallnacht
 November 7, 1938
 Night of Broken Glass
 Gestapo destroyed all Jewish businesses and
synagogues
 Began to look for “Final Solution” for Jews
 1000s of Jews sent to concentration camps