Transcript World History Essentials

World History Essentials
S 2013
1) Define History.
A chronological record of significant
events, often including an explanation
of their causes; cause and effect.
5) Define BC/AD & BCE/CE
• BC: Before Christ
• AD: Anno Domini
• BCE: Before Common Era
• CE: Common Era
6) Use dates to measure time
• Hint—Add or subtract to calculate using the following formulas:
(BCE - BCE), (CE – CE), (BCE + CE).
• 1. Constantine’s rule was from 312 CE to 337 CE.
Lasted_________________ years
• 2. The Augustan Age was from 30 BCE to 14 CE.
Lasted_________________ years
• 3. The Middle Ages lasted from 500 CE to 1350 CE.
Lasted_________________ years
• 4. The Pax Romano lasted from 27 BCE to 180 CE.
Lasted_________________ years
7) Explain the Consequences of the
Neolithic Revolution
• Domestication
• Systematic Agriculture
• People abandon nomadic lifestyle
• Food Surplus
• Population Boom
• Changes environment
• Artisans
• Civilization Develops!
8) Describe the reason people settled
and formed civilization around river
valleys.
• Transportation
• Farming
• Fertile Soil
• Irrigation
• Trade
9) Persia TLC for Mesopotamia
• Political: Theocracy. Hammurabi's code
• Economic: Agricultural, Traded (via Tigress and
Euphrates)
• Religious: Polytheistic; gods were violent and
unpredictable.
• Social: Patriarchal, gender roles/jobs differed
• Intellectual: cuneiform, plow
• Artistic: Ziggurat
• T: wheel, sail boats, plow, calendar
• Leadership: Kings
• Conflict: Warring common between civilizations
10) Explain what laws can tell us about
civilization.
• Laws define a society and tell us about the
civilizations culture.
• Ex: Hammurabi’s code:
– Adults > Youth
– Men > Women
– Rich > Poor (Slaves)
11) Persia TLC for Egypt
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Political: Theocracy,
Economic: Trade via Nile River
Religious: Polytheistic, Atum (Re), Mummification
Social: Slavery widespread, Artisans, Scribes,
Intellectual: Hieroglyphics,
Artistic: Pyramids
T: Bronze, Chariot
L: Pharaohs lead Egypt, Old, Middle, New
Kingdoms
• C: Invaded by Hyskos peoples, Then conquered by
Alexander the Great
12) Persia TLC for India
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P: Cities of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro,
E:
R: Hinduism, and Buddhism
S: Women subservient to men (Suttee), men could take
second wife. Aryans brought Caste System (Brahmins,
Warriors, Vaisyas, Sudras, Untouchables,
I: Galahad Gita, The Vedas, Sanskrit
A:
T: Sewage Systems, Trash Chutes, water wells,
L: Brahmins
C: Aryans brought decline to Ancient India
13) Persia TLC for China
• P: Dynasties (Xia, Shang, Zhau, Qin, Han) ruled through
‘Mandate of Heaven’, Legalism (replaced by Confucianism)
• E: Monetary System
• R: Oracle Bones, Ancestor Worship, Confucianism,
• S: (King > Royal Advisors > Aristocrats > Merchants /
Artisans > Peasants/Farmers > SLAVES), Filial Piety,
Patriarchal.
• I: Pictographic and ideographic writing
• A: Terra Cotta burial Pit
• T: Road System, Bronze, Silk, Tea, Gunpowder, crossbow,
Paper, Steel,
• L: Dynastic Leaders
• C: Mandate of Heaven gave right to overthrow Dynasty
(Revolution). Mongols to the north. Peasant suffering,
14) Analyze the impact geography had
on the development of the ‘Greeks’.
• Greece is a small peninsula surrounded by
many islands.
Greece is 80% mountainous, which isolated
Greeks from each other causing them to
develop their own ways of life and become
fiercely independent.
15) Examine the similarities between
the Minoans & Myceneans
Minoans
• From Crete
• Fishing, Trading
• Peaceful
• Knossos Palace
• Language unknown
Myceneans
• From mainland Greece
• War-loving civilization
• Barbaric warriors
• Spoke Linear-A / B ; earliest
form of Greek.
16) Analyze the consequences of
Greece in the Dark Age
• Food production dropped > population
declined.
• There are few records of this time, little is
known about the Greeks during this time
period.
• Iron replaced bronze, improving weaponry
and farming.
• Adopted Phoenician alphabet, making all
words with a combination of 24 letters. This
made learning to read and write simpler.
17) Analyze the differences between
Athens and Sparta.
Athens
• Democracy (direct, males
only).
• Women had few rights
Sparta
• Oligarchy
• Warrior civilization; based
around war
18) Examine the various systems of
government of Greece
• Democracy- all eligible citizens have an equal say
in the decisions that affect their lives.
– USA, Germany, etc…
• Oligarchy- a form of power structure in
which power effectively rests with a small
number of people
– Communist Countries
• Tyranny – Gov’t system with a ruler of a cruel and
oppressive character who is an absolute ruler
unrestrained by law or constitution.
– North Korea, Nazi Germany, USSR
Examine…a) Persian Wars and b)
Peloponnesian Wars on Greeks
• Persian Wars – Greece fought Persian Empire,
Marathon, Thermopylae. By defeating the
Persians, Athens became the leader of the Greek
world and created an empire.
• Peloponnesian Wars – Fought between Greek
Superpowers, Athens & Sparta. Athens defeated.
weakened the Greek city-states and ruined
cooperation among them. For the next 66 years
Sparta, Athens, and Thebes struggled for
domination.
20) Analyze the importance of
Alexander the Great
• He modeled himself on Achilles, the Greek hero
of the Trojan War featured in Homer’s Iliad.
• Through conquering much of the ancient world,
Alexander created a new age, called the
Hellenistic Era.
• Hellenistic means “to imitate Greeks.” After
Alexander’s death, four Hellenistic kingdoms
emerged: Macedonia, Syria, Pergamum, and
Egypt.
21) Examine the role geography played
in the development of people on the
Italian Peninsula.
• The Italian peninsula juts out into the
Mediterranean, making it a natural stopping
point for trade and travel.
• Greeks settled in southern Italy in search of
better farmland.
22) Analyze the transitions from
Etruscans to the Creation of the
Roman Republic
• Etruscans had more impact on early Rome’s
development.
• In 509 B.C., the Romans overthrew the last
Etruscan king and established a republic.
– Patricians
– Plebians
– Punic Wars with Carthage
– Civil Wars
23) Describe the transition from the
Roman Republic to the Roman Empire
• Following civil wars that inundated Rome,
Three men emerged victorious - Crassus,
Pompey, and Julius Caesar -and combined
their power to form the First Triumvirate in 60
B.C.
• Caesar becomes 1st consul, assassinated, and
replaced the 2nd Triumvirate.
• The Senate awarded Octavian the title of
Augustus, or “the revered one.”
24) Compare & Contrast…
Roman Republic
Roman Empire
• The Romans overthrew the last
Etruscan king and set up a
republic
• The Roman Senate made the laws
• The First Triumvirate was formed
and ended
• Julius Caesar became a dictator
• The Twelve Tables were written
• Patricians and Plebeians were the
two main social classes
• The Punic Wars took place
between Rome and Carthage
• Octavian was the first Roman
emperor
• The emperor made laws for
Rome and the Senate had little
power
• The Romans built roads to
connect their territory
• The Romans constructed
aquifers to supply fresh water
• Patricians and Plebeians were
the two main social classes
• Fell due to outside and inside
invaders
25) Explain what it means to be
“Jewish”.
• Developed in the Middle East around 1500 BCE
• Trace ancestry back to Abraham
• Established by Moses when he made a covenant
(formal agreement) with YHWH (God)
• First monotheistic religion in the world
• Torah, Five Books of Moses, The Talmud
• Synagogue
• Yom Kippur, Rosh Hashanah , Hanukkah
26) Explain what it means to be
“Christian”
• Developed in the Middle East around the 1st century
CE (300’s).
• Extension of Judaism
• Originated while the Kingdom of Judah was under
Roman control .
• Trinity
• The Bible, Old Testament, New Testament
• Christmas, Easter, Lent
• Roman Catholic, Orthodox Catholic, Protestant,
Etc…
27) Explain the differences…
Judaism
• See Previous two slides
Christianity
• See previous two slides
28) Explain what it means to be
“Islamic”.
• Developed in the Middle East around 600 CE.
• Tied to Judaism & Christianity by tracing their roots
back to Abraham.
• Monotheistic; considered last revelations of Allah to
the prophet Muhammad.
• Qur'an
• Five Pillars of Islam
• Ramadan
• Mosque
29) Analyze the similarities and
differences between Judaism,
Christianity, and Islam.
• See previous slides.
30) Explain what it means to be
“Hindu”
• Hinduism originated around the Indus River about
4,000 years ago
• There is no single founder of Hinduism
• The religion formed out of practices of the Aryans
• Monotheistic / Polytheistic
• Main Gods – Brahma (creator), Vishnu (sustainer),
& Shiva (destroyer)
• Karma, Dharma, The Vedas,
• good karma & dharma = higher level in caste system
in next life
31) Explain what it means to be
“Buddhist”
• Originated in modern-day Nepal, Founded by
Siddhartha Gautama, a prince, Started around 500
BCE
• -Siddhartha Gautama, or the Buddha, was born into
a royal family; they were very wealthy.
• Atheistic = belief in no god.
• Existence is endless – reincarnation over and over
again until achieving nirvana (being freed from this
cycle)
• The Four Noble Truths & The Eightfold Path
32) Compare…
Hinduism
See Previous Slides
Buddhism
• See Previous slides
33) Examine the similarities and
differences between African Kingdoms
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North African Kingdoms
(Nubia / Kush, Aksum, Ghana
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Centered on trade
Gold
Salt
Had governments with
Kingdom Rulers…Kings.
South African Kingdoms
• Stateless societies…local
rulers.
Overall Differences: Many societies were matrilineal, meaning they traced descent
through mothers, rather than patrilineal, tracing descent through fathers.
34) Explain the major advancements
during the Sui Dynasty.
• Reunited China
• Grand Canal, linking Yellow and Yangtze
Rivers.
35) Explain the major advancements
during the Tong Dynasty.
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Gave land to peasants
Civil Service Examination
Silk Road revived
Wu Zhao (China’s first and only female
empress)
36) Explain the major advancements of
the Song Dynasty.
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Restores order…once again
Gunpowder
Fire-lance
Steel
Cotton
Silk Road Revival contained…once again
37) Apply Persia TLC to Medieval
China.
• P: Chinese dynasties,
• E: economy grew b/c farming techniques improved and
the Chinese began making steel, cotton, gunpowder,
Silk Road, tea, silk, and porcelain.
• R: Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism
• S: ‘Scholar-Gentry’ were a new social class who
controlled land. Women less valued.
• I: Gunpowder
• A: Poetry
• T: Landscape paintings (nature scenes)
• L: Sui, Tong, Song Dynasties
• C: Wait for it…THE MONGOLS
38) Identify who the Mongols are and
where they originated from.
• The Mongols were pastoral people who came out of
the Gobi in the 13th century and took control of
much of the known world.
• The Mongols existed in clans until they elected
Temujin as Genghis Khan (“strong ruler”).
41) Describe the geography of Japan &
explain how it shaped the
development of the Japanese people.
• Geography - Japan is a chain of many islands,
mountainous, only 11% of the land is good for
farming.
• Isolation caused the Japanese to develop a unique
culture.
• Because of this, they see themselves as having a
special destiny, separate from the rest of Asia.
42) Analyze the Japanese social
structure and the role of women.
Women in early Japan had more rights than in
many other areas at the time.
-For example, women who were abandoned
by their husbands could divorce and remarry.
On the other hand, a man could divorce his wife
if she did not produce a son, if she talked too
much, or if she had a serious illness.
43) Explain the importance of the
Samurai & Bushido.
• As the centralized government fell apart, local clans
took matters into their own hands by hiring samurai
(“those who serve”) to protect them and their land.
• Samurai were expected to live by a strict coded
known as Bushido (“the way of the warrior”).
• Samurai’s practiced Zen Buddhism.
45) Explain the main cause of the fall
of the Roman Empire.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Barbarian invasions
A. Empire too large to protect
B. Not Roman citizens
Increased military spending
A. More soldiers needed to protect borders
B. Took money away from other areas of need
Inferior technology
A. Lack of funding led to lack of technology
B. Too busy with fighting wars to improve way of life
Political corruption
A. Immoral leaders could be bought
B. Raised taxes to improve their own wealth
Inflation
A. Money’s worth greatly declined
B. People traded goods rather than buying them
46) Describe how western Europe
changed after the fall of the Western
Roman Empire.
• The W.R.E. was replaced by the development of
Barbarian Kingdoms.
47) Identify what the Carolingian
Empire was and explain why it was
unique in Europe at that time.
• Started by Charlemagne; a driven, ambitious,
intelligent, strong warrior, and a Christian.
• He wanted to promote learning and
education…which led to the Carolingian
Renaissance
• The empire spanned most of Western and Central
Europe.
48) Examine the impact of the Viking
invasion in Europe.
A. Vikings invaded from the north
1. They were fierce warriors
2. Sacked towns & villages – raped, burned, plundered
3. Ships allowed them to sail extensively – including up rivers
4. Some people chose to give the Vikings land to build permanent
settlements so they would stop attacking
5. Northwestern France, the region of Normandy, is one example
6. Many Vikings converted to Christianity and assimilated into the
native cultures
49) Illustrate the Feudal System.
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kings
dukes and earls
counts and barons
merchants and artisans
(bourgeoisie)
• serfs and peasants
50) Explain the benefits of the feudal
system.
• Fear of invaders (like the Vikings) forced
Europeans to turn to nobles for protection.
• Stability
• System of land distribution
• Protection
51) Describe the advancements in
agriculture during the Middle Ages.
• Wind and Water power.
• Iron tools
• Shifted from a 2-field system to a 3-field
system; which yielded more food.
– More food = better health = population boom
52) Explain how the grown of cities is
both a…
Positive
• Trade
• Culture Diffusion
Negative
• Overpopulation
• Poor Sanitation
• Disease (Black Death,
Plague)
53) Explain what the inquisition was
and determine its affect on Europeans.
The Catholic Church created a court called the Inquisition
to find and try heretics, people who denied basic Church
doctrines.
If someone was suspected of heresy and they…
1. Confessed – they were publicly punished.
2. Refused to confess – they were tortured.
3. Refused to confess after torture – they may be executed.
54) Explain the major reasons for the
100 Years War and the Impact of Joan
of Arc.
• Took place between England and France from 1337
to 1453.
• It began because England controlled some territory
that France wanted.
• A young French woman named Joan of Arc inspired
the French army with her religious visions.
• The French were so inspired they were able to
defeat the British, who captured Joan and gave her
to the Inquisition which condemned her to death
for heresy.
55) Describe how the Bubonic Plague
affected the population and economy
of Europe.
• 38 million people died in four years (1/3 to
1/2 of Europe’s pop.)
• Labor shortages caused economy to crash
• Jews Blamed (Anti-Semitism)
56) Explain the positive contributions
made during Medieval Europe.
• Innovations of Medieval Europe – Architecture
– Romanesque
– Gothic
• Universities
– emerged in Bologna (Italy), Oxford (England), and
Paris (France); only men allowed to attend. The Goal:
To create a well-rounded individual with many talents
• Literature
– Written in the vernacular – every day language of the
region (English, French, Italian, etc.); not in Latin
57) Describe why the Byzantine Empire
was very prosperous.
• Location! Mediterranean, Black Sea, Connected
the East and the West.
• Constantinople was the largest city in Europe
during the Middle Ages and was the center of
trade between east and west.
• Also…it had avoided much of the plague that
wiped out northern Europe.
58) Explain the causes and effects of
the Crusades.
Causes
• Religious conflict between
Christians and Muslims.
• In 1071 a Turkish army
defeated Byzantine forces,
so Emperor Alexius I asked
Europe for military aid.
• Military campaigns to regain
the Holy Land from the
Muslims.
Effects
• Money- Italian cities made $$$
from the trade
• Attacks on Jews - The first
widespread attacks on Jews
began during the Crusades (not
Christian – seen as the enemy)
• End of Feudalism – Led to strong
kings that ruled without aid or
assistance from Lords; the “King’s
Army”.
• Cultural Diffusion - Crusaders
returned to Europe with many
ideas from the Islamic world,
which was more technologically
and culturally advanced at the
time.
59) Determine the Importance of
Religion to the people living in
Medieval Europe
• Deeply religious
• Afterlife is of all importance, so people were
willing to sacrifice in their worldly life.
– The Crusades
– Monks / Nuns
60) Explain the religious conflict
between the RCC and the EOC.
• Byzantine Emperor’s power was absolute b/c he was
seen as chosen by God; also had political control b/c he
appointed Church leader (patriarch)
– Tension grew between the Eastern Orthodox Church and
the Roman Catholic Church.
• Byzantines refused to recognize the Pope as head of
Christianity; the Pope refused to recognize the
Byzantine Church.
– Their refusal to work together created a schism, or
separation, between the two branches of Christianity
61) Describe the Italian Renaissance
• A period of great cultural change and
achievement* that began in Italy during the
14th century and lasted until the 16th century,
marking the transition
between Medieval and Early Modern Europe.
• *Artistically, Educationally, Humanism,
Individualism,
• “Rebirth” of Greek and Roman culture.
• Effected the wealthy living in Italian citystates.
62)Explain how the Northern Renaissance
differed from the Italian Renaissance.
• Northern European artists, especially those in
the Low Countries, portrayed their world
realistically, but in a different way than Italian
artists.
• Less secular, More religious.
• More scenes of daily life.
63) Examine the effects of the
Renaissance movements in Italy &
Northern Europe.
Italy
• Humanism – focus on living
full and complete live on
earth. Focus on this life, not
afterlife.
• Individuality – Education,
importance of self. Well
Rounded Man“Renaissance Man”
• Secularism – Separation of
Religion and Government.
• Age of Reason
Northern Europe
64) Define Protestant Reformation
• The 16th-century schism within Western
Christianity initiated by Martin Luther, John
Calvin and other early Protestants.
65) Explain why individuals were
unhappy with the RCC.
• RCC more interested in income then souls
– Selling Indulgences
– Popes acting like political (government) leaders
instead of providing spiritual leadership
– Priests acting improperly
– Church ignoring calls from Christian Humanists for
return to simple Christian ethics.
66) Describe the effects of the
Protestant Reformation.
• A schism of inside the western church and
creation of Protestantism and protestant
churches (Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Calvinist
Reformist Churches).
• Decreasing power of the RCC and the Pope.
• The Counter-Reformation from the RCC.
67) Explain the causes of the English
Reformation.
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Henry VIII wanted a son.
Wife past child-bearing years.
Henry and wife are Catholic = No Divorce.
Annulment of marriage not granted due to
political reasons.
• Henry VIII breaks free from Catholic Church,
creates his own church (The Anglican
Church…which he is the head of), and makes
divorce legal in his church.
68) Describe how this Reformation
was different from the others we
studied.
• Rather than a social movement, the English
reformation was simply for the personal
reasons and desires of one person…Henry VIII.
73) Describe the Triangular Trade.
• Also known as the transatlantic slave
trade
• Operated from the late 16th to early
19th centuries, carrying slaves, cash
crops, and manufactured goods
between West
Africa, Caribbean or American colonies
and the European colonial powers.
• The use of African slaves was
fundamental to growing colonial cash
crops, which were exported to Europe.
• European goods, in turn, were used to
purchase African slaves, which were then
brought on the sea lane west from Africa
to the Americas, the so-called middle
passage.
74) Identify and explain the Middle
Passage.
• The stage of the triangular trade in which
millions of people from Africa were shipped to
the New World as part of the Atlantic slave
trade.
• The "Middle Passage" was considered a time
of in-betweenness for those being traded
from Africa to America.
75) Identify the costs and the benefits
of the Triangle Trade System.
Benefits (Positives)
• Spread European resources
• Increased Trade
• Culture Diffusion
• Globalization
• Huge Profits for European
Countries
Costs (Negatives)
• Human Rights
• Africans mistreated,
kidnapped, slavery.
• Native populations ravaged by
disease.
• Transplant of species to
foreign areas is dangerous for
the environment.
• Decrease of plant and animal
life worldwide
• Tobacco use widespread
76) Describe how the Triangle Trade
system helped European monarchies
prosper.
• The Triangle trade created markets to sell
European cheaply produced goods, and also
the cheap raw materials to produce them.
• Mercantilism = more money in treasury, more
power.
77) Define Absolutism
• A political system in which there is no limit on
government power (no constitution).
• Based on the ‘Devine Right of Kings’
• The only check to one Government’s power is
the power of another government.
78) Explain at least three reasons Louis
XIV is considered the best example of
an absolute ruler.
• Palace of Versailles
• Believed in the Devine Right of Kings… “I am the
State”.
• Increased his own power at the expense of the
Estates General; which never met.
• Bankrupted France on Wars and on personal
luxuries.
• Religious intolerance
• Ordinary people were starving.
79) Define the Scientific Revolution.
• The emergence of modern science during
the early modern period, when developments
in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology,
medicine, and chemistry transformed views of
society and nature.
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80) Investigate one person who made
discoveries during the scientific
revolution.
Copernicus
Kepler
Newton
Galileo
Rene Descartes – Rationalism – “I think,
thererfore, I am”. Father of Modern Philosophy.
• Bacon
• Locke
• Montesquie
81) Explain the consequences (+ and -)
of the Scientific Revolution.
82) Define the Enlightenment
• 18th c. philosophical movement of intellectuals who
were greatly impressed by the achievements of the
Scientific Revolution.
• Its purpose was to reform society using reason,
challenge ideas grounded in tradition and faith, and
advance knowledge through the scientific method.
It promoted scientific thought, skepticism and
intellectual interchange and opposed superstition,
intolerance and some abuses of power by the
church and the state.
• DARE TO KNOW!
83) Explain how the ideas of the
Scientific Revolution led to the
Enlightenment.
• Intellectuals were greatly impressed and
inspired with the achievements of the
Scientific Revolution.
• They thought they could apply reason and the
scientific method to understand life.
84) Describe the consequences (+ and
-) of the Enlightenment.
+
• New Ideas of how to structure
society
• Human Rights
• Natural Rights
• Separation of Powers
• Popular Sovereignty
• Popular Revolution
• Women’s rights
• Social Contract
• Baroque
• Music
• Conflict with Catholic
Church
• Conflict with status quo
and Absolute ruling Kings.
• Fuel for Revolution.
85) Identify and Explain the new ideas
of the Enlightenment.
• Rationalism – reason is the chief source of
knowledge.
• Separation of Powers – branches of government
• Checks and Balances – limits to government
power
• Popular Sovereignty
• Social Contract
• Popular Revolution
• Laissez-Faire Capitalism
86) Identify the Enlightenment Ideas
that are present in the American
Revolution.
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Natural Rights
Social Contract
Popular Sovereignty
Popular Revolution
Checks and Balances
Three Branches of Gov’t
87) Explain the Impact of these ideas.
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Natural Rights
Social Contract
Popular Sovereignty
Popular Revolution
Three Branches of Gov’t
Checks and Balances
88) Describe the rights guaranteed to
all American citizens.
• The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, known as the Bill of
Rights, includes natural rights guaranteed to citizens and protections
against the abuse of government.
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I - RAPPS
II – RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS
III – NO QUARTERING IN TIMES OF PEACE
IV - NO UNWARRENTED SEARCHES OR SEIZURES
V – DSIDE (PROTECTIONS IF ACCUSED OF CRIME)
VI - JWAC (PROTECTIONS IF ACCUSED OF CRIME)
VII - $20 CIVIL CASE
VIII – NO EXCESSIVE BAIL / CRUEL OR UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT
IX – SILENT RIGHTS
X – STATES RIGHTS
89) Examine the Causes of the French
Revolution
Long Term:
• Absolutism
• Unfair socio-political system
(Old Regime)
• Poor Harvest which left
peasant farmers little money
for taxes
• Influence of Enlightenment
Philophes
• Influence of other Revolutions
– Glorious Revolution
– American Revolution
Short Term:
• Bankruptcy
• Rejected financial changes
• Third estate silenced
• Famine > hunger >
starvation
• Estates General meeting for
first time in over 100 years
90) Summarize the events of the
French Revolution
• Meeting of the Estates General
• Tennis Court Oath
• National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, Convention,
Directory.
• Storming of the Bastille
• King and Queen leave Versailles, for Paris.
• Declaration of the Rights of Man
• Marat Assassinated
• Reign of Terror
• Committee of Public Safety
• Etc…
92) Identify and explain the new
technologies of the 19th century.
• The spinning jenny - allowed one person to do
the work of eight people using spinning
wheels.
• Steam Engine –used to supply power in
factories .
• Steam Locomotive - powered by steam on
steel rails, moved people quickly, cheaply, &
reliably
• Steam Boat – Transportation of goods/people
93) Analyze how these changes
affected Europe and other areas of the
world.
Europe
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Ordinary people had access to a large variety of
goods
Cities grew as people left their farms and went
to work in factories.
Workers spent less time with their families as
they worked 12-18 hrs. a day in factories.
The Industrial Revolution changed society in
that it created a middle class.
Managers who ran the factories and merchants
who sold the many new goods created a middle
class.
The middle class had money to buy products
that could make life easier.
Pollution
Disease
Child Labor
Other Parts of World
• Exploited for natural
resources for European
finished goods.
• Slavery
94) Analyze the social and economic
effects of the Industrial Revolution.
Social
Population grew rapidly:
-Europe 1750 = 140 million
-Europe 1850 = 266 million
Effects
-terrible living conditions
-urban reform movements
New middle class – factory owners, owners of natural
resources, railroad owners
New working class – factory workers
Factory conditions:
-12-16 hours/day
-6 days/week
-30 min. for lunch & dinner
-no job security
-no minimum wage
•
Factory Act of 1833:
•
-9 minimum age to work
•
-9-13 work only 9 hours/day
•
-13-18 work only 12 hours/day
•
Women employment grew – making up 50% of the
workforce
Economic
• Labor Unions formed to
fight for worker’s rights.
• Middle Class found easier
way of life.
• Ordinary people had access
to goods
95) Examine the artistic effects of the
Industrial Revolution.
Romanticism
• reaction to ideals of the
Enlightenment and
Industrial Revolution;
emphasis on feelings,
emotions, and imagination
(not reason).
Realism
• Realism – belief that the
world should be viewed
realistically; against
Romanticism.
•
96) Describe the Difference between
direct and indirect rule.
Direct Rule
Direct Rule = Rulers were
appointed by the imperial
powers; goal of assimilating
locals into European culture.
Indirect Rule
Indirect Rule = Allowed local
rulers to stay in power, as
long as they enforced
imperial rules; didn’t
disrupt local customs.
Explain why European nations were
interested in Africa & India
• natural resources – to make finished goods in
European factories.
98) Describe the rise of Nationalism in
Africa.
• Western-educated leaders in Africa called for
independence.
• They had learned ideas of freedom and nationalism from
the imperialists who educated them
• People throughout Africa began to protest against
imperial rule in the 1920s.
• Africans were influenced by the ideas of Pan-Africanism,
which stressed the need for the unity of all Africans.
99) Describe and analyze the methods
used by Gandhi in his fight for India
Independence.
•Nonviolent resistance known as “civil disobedience” (the refusal to
obey unjust laws).
•He wanted the British to improve the lives of poor people
and to grant Indian independence.
•Gandhi advised Indians not to pay English taxes or buy English
goods.
When the British increased taxes on salt in 1930, Gandhi led a march
to the sea to gather salt illegally. He and other INC member were
arrested.
Eventually Gandhi’s efforts led to Indian independence.
100) Describe the Factors that led to
the collapse of the Qing dynasty.
Internal
• Government Incompetence
• Corruption
• Peasant Unrest
• Population Boom > Food
Shortage > Starvation
External
• The Opium War
• Tai Ping Rebellion
• Boxer Rebellion
• The Revolution of 1911
101) Explain the Significance of the
Opium War
• War between China and Great Britain
concerning the British importation of opium
into China.
• China is defeated by British.
• In the Treaty of Nanjing, China loses territory
…ports, Hong Kong.
• Marked the beginning of Western Influence in
China.
102) Define “spheres of influence” and
“Open Door Policy”.
Spheres of Influence
• Areas were the imperial
power had exclusive trading
rights.
• …when a imperial country
claims that they have the
sole right to trade with a
specific region.
Open Door Policy
• Policy in 1899 allowing
multiple Imperial powers
access to China (…after fall
of Qing Dynasty), with none
of them in control of that
country.
103) Describe Sun Yat-sen’s plan for
reforming China and explain why it
failed.
Policy:
• Three State Reform Process:
1st Stage: Military Takeover
2nd Stage: Transitional Phase;
Sun’s own revolutionary party
would prepare the people for
democratic rule
3rd Phase: Establishment of a
constitutional democracy
Failed Because…
• No military strength
• No political strength
• Lack of Knowledge of
Western Ideas trying to
impliment
• Newly formed parliament
dissolved > people launch
rebellion.
104) Describe the government system
in Japan prior to the rise of
Imperialism.
• Tokugawa shogunate - hereditary military
dictators of Japan; favored strict isolationism.
• Kept formal relations only with Korea, Dutch,
and China.
105) Describe the Japanese reactions
to the end of Isolationism.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Samurai warriors didn’t want Japan to interact with foreigners.
They staged a rebellion, which was defeated,
then they attacked the shogun’s palace.
The shogunate system ended and power was restored to the
emperor.
Mutsuhito became the emperor.
His reign was called the Meiji,
or “Enlightened Rule.”
Liberals – wanted parliament (the legislative branch) to have
authority
• Progressives – wanted executive branch to have authority
• Progressives won and the Meiji constitution was adopted in 1889.
106) Explain how Japan became
imperial world Power.
• Japan wanted colonies and managed to defeat
China, Korea, and Russia and take some of
their territories.
• These victories made Japan a world power.
107) Describe the power struggle in
Latin America prior to the revolutions.
• The Spanish Crown - so, as far as Spain was
concerned, the job of the colonies was to
produce revenue in the form of a 20% tax on
everything that was called “the royal fifth.”
The Catholic Church- even more than royal
officials, the church exercised influence over
people's everyday lives.
• Patriarchy-like much of the world, husbands had
complete control over their wives .
108) Summarize the changes brought
in Latin America Prior to the
revolutions.
• Slavery abolished.
109) Describe the U.S.’s interest and
involvement in Latin America.
• United States Protectionism –
The Monroe Doctrine was a policy of the United
States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that
further efforts by European nations to colonize land or
interfere with states in North or South America would be
viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.S. intervention.
Puerto Rico was annexed by the USA
Panama Canal, built on a 10 mile strip of land granted to USA
(because US involvement in rebellion that allowed Panama
to separate from Columbia.
110) Describe the fall of the Ottoman
Empire.
• The Ottoman Empire had been declining since the
late 1700s.Reformers created a constitution in
1876 which was adopted in 1908. The reformers
lacked popular support and several countries
declared their independence.
• Ethnic Cleansing of Christian Armenians.
• ***The remains of the Ottoman Empire collapsed
after WWI and were divided up by Britain and
France.***
111) Explain the escalation of foreign
involvement in Iran and Saudi Arabia.
112) Explain the cause of tensions in
Israel/Palestine.
• Jews had lived in ancient Israel, but were forced into exile.
• By the late 1800s, Muslim Arabs made up about 80% of the
population of Palestine (formerly Israel).
• Starting in 1890s, the Zionist movement worked to
establish Palestine as a Jewish state. The nationalism of
Jews and Arabs came into conflict.
• The British government issued the Balfour Declaration in
support of a Jewish homeland.
• Many Jews fled to Palestine after anti-Semitic policies
emerged in Europe.
• Violence between Muslims and Jews flared due to conflict
over the land.
113) Describe Conservatives,
Liberalism, and Nationalism and
explain the role of each during and
after the Congress of Vienna.
• Conservatism - political and social philosophy that
promotes retaining traditional social institutions.
(dislikes revolution, individual rights)
• Liberalism - political philosophy or worldview founded
on ideas of liberty and equality.
• Nationalism - believes that each nationality (group with shared
language an customs) should have its own government.
• The Congress of Vienna was based on conservatism, so
liberalism and nationalism led to revolutions in several
European countries in the mid-1800s.
114) Identify the members of the
Triple Alliance and the Triple Entante
Triple Alliance
Triple Entate
Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy formed the
Triple Alliance in 1879 for
protection against France.
In response, France,
Russia, and Great Britain
formed the Triple Entente
(French for “alliance”).
115) Identify the long-term and short
term causes of World War I.
Long-Term
• Militarism
• Alliances
• Nationalism
• Imperialism
Short-term
• Assassination of Franz
Ferdinand
116) Describe trench warfare.
• Trench warfare is a form of land warfare using
occupied fighting lines consisting largely of
trenches, in which troops are significantly
protected from the enemy's small arms fire
and are substantially sheltered from artillery.
The most prominent case of trench warfare is
the Western Front in World War I. It has
become a by word for stalemate, attrition and
futility in conflict.
118) Identify and describe the new
technologies of WWI.
Tech:
• Tanks
• Airplanes
• Artillery
• Chemical Warfare
• Machine Guns
Why:
• All were invented to try to
break the stalemate of
trench warfare on the
western front.
119) Describe the impact of these new
technologies on the battle field
+
• Higher Death toll
120) Explain how the actions of the Czar and the event
known as the March Revolution led to the Russian
Revolution.
Czar’s actions
• Failures in the war; people
unhappy with him.
• WWI unpopular in Russia
• Left Wife/Rasputin in
charge of running country
while off at WWI.
March Revolution
•
•
•
•
Causes:
1. Peasants were hungry
2. Women wanted equal pay in the
factories
3. Angry over the war
• Results:
1. Czar sent out army to disperse the
crowd
• 2. Some troops opened fire (known as
Bloody Sunday)
• 3. Other troops laid down weapons and
joined demonstrators
• 4. Czar’s power was diminished and
many despised him
121) Describe the Bolshevik’s rise to
power.
• Provincial Government (P.G.) replaces Czar,
but is unpopular because it decided to stay in
WWI.
• Angry workers join soviets; led by V.I. Lenin
(Leader of the Bolshevik Party).
• On November 6, the Bolsheviks seized the
Winter Palace and the leaders of the P.G.
stepped down.
122) List the advantages the Red Army
had over the White Army.
•
•
•
•
-Better trained
-Common goal
-Unified effort
-Leon Trotsky (leader)
123) Describe the purpose of the
Treaty of Versailles.
• The Treaty of Versailles was the peace
settlement signed after the Great War ended
in 1918.
• Deal with Germany and Post-WWI European
Relations.
124) Explain the goals and motives of
the victorious powers in drawing up
the Treaty of Versailles.
• USA – Peace in Europe
• Great Brittan & France- Handicap Germany for
the long term…Make Germany sign the 5 R’s.
127) Identify & Describe the “5 Rs” of
the Treaty of Versailles.
• 1. Responsibility: Germany and Austria had to take responsibility for
starting the war.
• 2. Reparations: Germany had to pay for all the damage the war had
caused.
• 3. Reduction: Germany had to reduce its army and navy and eliminate the
air force.
• 4. Return: Germany had to return all of the territory it won during the war.
• 5. Rhine River: To protect France from Germany, the Rhine became a
demilitarized zone
128) Describe how the Treaty of
Versailles affected the German
economy.
• Germany suffered from high inflation (a
general rise in the price of goods), causing
their money to lose its value.
129) Examine the causes and effects of
the Great Depression.
Causes
1. Overproduction
Effects
• 1. High unemployment
2. Crash of the U.S. stock
market
• 2. Governments lowered
wages and raised taxes
3. Removal of funds from
European banks
• 3. Governments took
control of businesses
• 4. Desperate people turned
to strong leaders to lead
them out of crisis
130) Explain why some people turned
to authoritarian leaders to bring them
out of these crises.
• Totalitarian governments aimed to control
every aspect of their citizens’ lives. Individual
rights were less important than the good of
the state, as defined by the government.
131) Mussolini
• One form of totalitarianism is fascism. Fascism glorifies the
state (nation) above the individual. In Italy, in the early
1920s, Benito Mussolini set up the first fascist movement in
Europe. Italy had severe economic problems after World
War I. Inflation grew and workers held strikes. The middle
class began to fear a communist takeover.
• Mussolini’s Blackshirts (private militia) attacked socialist
offices and newspapers. They used violence to break up
strikes. In 1922, Mussolini threatened to march on Rome
unless his Fascists were given power. King Victor Emmanuel
III gave in and made Mussolini prime minister.
• Afterwards, the Fascists outlawed other political parties
and established a secret police. Fascist youth groups
promoted military activities and values.
132) Stalin
•
•
During Russia’s civil war, Lenin controlled industries. He took grain from peasants
to feed the army. By 1921, people were starving. Lenin adopted a New Economic
Policy (NEP). It let individuals sell farm produce and run small businesses. The
government kept control of heavy industry, mines, and banks. The NEP prevented
total disaster. In 1922, the Communists created the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR or Soviet Union).
Lenin died in 1924. A struggle for power followed among members of the
Politburo, the communist policy-making body. As general secretary of the
Communist Party, Joseph Stalin appointed local and regional officials. He used that
power to gain control of the party. Stalin ended the NEP and launched a series of
Five-Year Plans. They set economic goals to industrialize Russia. They emphasized
production of weapons, heavy machinery, oil, and steel. Cities did not have
enough housing for the workers. Real wages (actual earnings) fell. In agriculture,
Stalin forced peasants to work on collective farms instead of having farms of their
own, a system known as collectivization. Food production fell. To keep personal
control, Stalin arrested and executed Bolsheviks from the pre-Stalin era, as well as
any other individuals he deemed a threat to his power
133) Hitler
• Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889. He formed his basic beliefs of racism, antiSemitism, nationalism, and Social Darwinism while in Vienna, Austria.
• He joined a small, nationalist party in Munich in 1919. It soon became the National
Socialist German Workers’ Party or Nazi (from the German word Nazional) for
short. The party had an armed force called the SA, the Storm Troops, or
Brownshirts. In 1923, he led an unsuccessful revolt called the Beer Hall Putsch. In
jail, he wrote his ideas in the book Mein Kampf (My Struggle).
• Hitler decided to bring the Nazi Party to power through legal means. He built its
membership nationwide. He appealed to national pride, honor, and militarism.
Germans suffering from the Great Depression wanted a strong leader. The Nazis
became the majority political party in Germany.
• In 1933, President Hindenburg agreed to appoint Hitler chancellor of Germany. The
Reichstag, or legislature, authorized the government to ignore the constitution for
up to four years. This was called the Enabling Act. The Nazis took complete control.
They removed Jews from government jobs. They put their opponents into large
prisons called concentration camps. When Hindenburg died in 1934, they abolished
the office of president, combined the jobs of the President and Chancellor into a
new office and named Hitler the Fuhrer or leader of all of Germany.
134) Describe some of the Nazi antiSemitic policies.
1935- Nuremberg Race Laws Jews are not allowed to:
Marry or have sex
with Aryans
hire Aryan wom en
as maids
have rights of
citizenship
1937 - Jews are not allowed to be accountants or dentists
1939- Jews must hand over all gold and silver
- Forced labor decree issued and all Jews must wear yellow stars
- German Jews are deported to Poland
135) Explain how Germany ended up
at war with Europe.
• Territorial Demands:
– Rhineland
– Austria
– Sudetenland
– Czechoslovakia
– Port of Danzig
– Invasion of Poland
136) Explain how Japan became
involved in WWII.
137) Analyze the effects of WWII on
civilians.
• WWII became a total war; which required all
civilians to be a part of the war effort.
• Major cities were attacked and bombed.
• High casualties.
• Japanese Internment Camps in USA
138) Describe the effects of WWII on
Soldiers.
• Prisoners of War
• Conscription (The Draft)
149) Japanese Internment Camps.
• Japanese American internment was the World
War II internment in "War Relocation Camps"
of about 110,000 people of Japanese heritage
who lived on the Pacific coast of the United
States. The U.S. government ordered the
internment in 1942, shortly after the Imperial
Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.
140) Describe the event known as the
Holocaust.
• Also known as the ‘Final Solution’, the
Holocaust was the Nazi’s plan to carry out
genocide on the approximate 11 millions Jews
living in Europe.
• The campaign last from 1941-1945 and
murdered over 6 million of Jews.
141) Outline the Major Events of the
Cold War
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Truman Doctrine to support containment (of communism) in Greece.
Marshall Plan
Berlin Blackade / Berlin Airlift
USSR issues COMECON
NATO formed
Creation of West Germany
Nuclear Arms Race
Koran War
Warsaw Pact
USSR launches Sputnik I / Space Race
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Construction of Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile Crisis
Vietnam War
USSR Invades Afghanistan
Perestoika movement begins under Gorbachev in USSR
Fall of Berlin Wall
German Reunification
Dissolution of the USSR