Transcript ap review session #5 4/26/05

AP REVIEW SESSION #5
•Regions
•Themes/habits of mind
•1914-Present
AP WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL
REGIONS
Be able to recognize and name the various
regions of the world
In using the AP Time Periods, have a general
understanding of what countries existed in
the various regions
AP World Themes
1. Patterns and impacts or interaction among major
societies: trade, war, diplomacy, and
international organizations
2. The relationship of change and continuity across
the world history periods covered in this course.
3. Impact of technology and demography on
people and the environment (population growth
and decline, disease, manufacturing, migrations,
agriculture, weaponry).
Themes continued
4. Systems of social structure and gender structure
(comparing major features within and among
societies and assessing change).
5. Cultural and intellectual developments and
interactions among and within societies.
6. Changes in functions and structures of states and
in attitudes toward stat4es and political identities
(political culture), including the emergence of
the nation-state (types of political organization).
Habits of Mind
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First Category
Constructing and evaluating arguments
Using docs & other primary data: developing the
skills necessary to analyze p.o.v., context, bias,
and to understand and interpret information
Developing the ability to assess issues of change
and continuity over time
Enhancing the capacity to handle diversity of
interpretations through analysis of context, bias,
and frame of reference
Habits of Mind
Second Category
• Seeing global patterns over time and space while also
acquiring the ability to connect local developments to
global ones and to move through levels of generalizations
from the global to the particular
• Developing the ability to compare within and among
societies, including comparing societies reactions to global
processes
• Developing the ability to assess claims of universal
standards yet remaining aware of human commonalities
and differences; putting culturally diverse ideas and values
in historical context, not suspending judgment but
developing understanding.
1914-Present
Ch. 28-33
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Causes/Consequences of WWI
InterWar Years
WWII
Cold War
Independence Movements: Asia, Africa
The Big Picture!!!
Causes of WWI (ch. 28)
• Alliances, Nationalism, Militarism,
Imperialism
• Triple Alliance: Germany, AustriaHungary, Italy
• Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• War: A-H war on Serbia  Russia war on
A-H  Germany war on Russia  France
and Britain join in
• Ottoman Empire joins Ger, A-H form
Central Powers
The Great War and the
Treaty of Versailles
• Brit, Fr, Russia, Japan:
Allies (U.S. in 1917)
• Euro ctrys use colonies to
fuel industry
• Trench warfare: machine
guns
• Total War, Gov’t control
of economy
• Women in factories;
suffrage movement
Nov.11, 1918: Armistice
Treaty of Versailles:
• Germany: war
reparations, lost
territory/colonies, no
military
• Creation of new
nations
• League of Nations
The Russian Revolution (ch. 28)
• Czar Nicolas II autocratic; Russia behind west
• February 1917 Czar abdicates, provisional gov’t
in; Prov. Gov stayed in WWI
• Lenin leader of Bolsheviks: “Peace, Land, Bread”
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 1918
• 1918-1921 Civil War: Red Army vs. Whites
(included U.S. & Western Euro countries)
• Bolshevik victory; Soviets consolidated under
USSR
• Lenin’s New Economic Policy improves economy
The Ottoman Empire (ch. 28)
• Joined Central Powers in 1915
• Defeated allies at Gallipoli; Mustafa Kemal
becomes leader
• Kemal (“Ataturk”) overthrows Ottoman
Sultan
• 1923: modern Turkey- secularization,
industrialization, tied to Europe
The Inter War Years (ch. 29)
• USSR: Stalin’s Five year Planscollectivization and totalitarianism
Great Depression
• Money to war, destruction of Euro
infrastructure; Japan and U.S. benefit
• Dawes Plan- loans not able to be repaid
• Oct, 1929: stock market crash extends from
U.S. to world
• Unemployment, public looking for answers
• Political ideologies offer a way out
Fascism and Nazism
Both are subsets of TOTALITARIANISM
Fascism: Mussolini, 1919; Blackshirts fought to
get loyalty of factory owners and landowners;
1921 members in Parliament, 1922 Prime Min
• Nationalistic; expansion into North Africa
Nazism: Hitler, 1920s; extreme nationalism,
racism; support during Depression
WWII
Fascism in Italy (Mussolini), Spain (Franco)
Nazism in Germany (Hitler)
Hitler’s armed aggression
• 1935: Ger attacks Rhineland; 1937 Axis w/Japan
• 1938: Austria, Sudentenland, Munich Conference
• 1939: Non-Aggression Pact w/ USSR
• 1940: Battle of Britain
• 1941: Pearl Harbor
• 1944: D-Day
• Manhattan Project- Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 1945
Japan (ch. 29)
• Meiji Restoration set Japan on path to rapid
industrialization
• 1905 Russo-Japanese War
• 1920s- 21 Demands on China
• 1931: attack Manchuria
• 1937: “Rape of Nanjing”
Consequences of WWII
• Final Solution and the Holocaust
• Potsdam and Yalta Conferences
Europe: US vs. USSR; Marshall Plan, Berlin
Airlift, Berlin Wall
• Decline of colonialism
• Women kept jobs; civil rights in US
• United Nations
Decolonization (ch. 30)
India:
• Gandhi, partition 1947
Africa: North Africa first to gain indepen.;
tied to Muslim M.E.
Egypt: Nasser estab republic 1950s; influence
Islamist indep movements
Sub-Saharan Africa: problems!!! No
education, infrastructure for Euros, tribal
divisions
Sub-Saharan Africa
• Colonialism reached peak during Interwar years
• Economic development = work in Euro-owned
mines/plantations
• Urbanization = jobs and wealth; damage to family life
• Racial discrimination most rigid in white-settled regions of E.
and S. Africa
• Spread of Islam and Christianity; Islam thru trader,
Christianity thru missionary schools
• Western education included liberal ideas
• Blaise Diagne- Senegal; abolish forced labor in Africa but help
French in WWI for more rights
• Haile Selassie- Ethiopia; fought Italians and regained throne
during WWII
• African National Congress- South Africa 1909; westerneducated lawyers
The Indian Independence Movement
• Western-style econ development: rail, harbors,
cities, cotton/steel mills
• Educated middle class
• Population growth led to crowded cities
• Peasants majority, paid rents, taxes to landowners
and gov’t; no raise in standard of living
• English-speaking gov’t bureaucrats, professionals,
merchants
• Hindu majority; Muslims in northwest and east
• Indian Civil Service encouraged
rail, harbors, communications as
increase foreign trade and British
control
• No industrialization like Britain
• Racism led to 1885 Indian
National Congress
• 1906 Muslim League formed
Gandhi
• “Mahatma” great soul
• Nonviolence, non-cooperation
• Lived w/ poor; turned
independence into mass
movement
• 1920s Britain gives India some
control
• India helped WWII: soldiers,
supplies
• End of WWII: partition of India
• Nehru (INC), Jinnah (ML)
decided on Pakistan & India
• Muslim vs. Hindu violence
MEXICO 1910-1940
(ch. 30)
Independence from Spain 1821
• Haciendas owned by a few families; American
and British owned rail, mines, plantations
• Sugar, cotton replaced traditional crops; peasants
forced to work on haciendas & buy food from
landowner
• Porfirio Diaz 1830-1915 favored European
traditions
Revolution and Civil War 1911-1920
• Gen. Huerta overthrown in 1914 by the Constitutionalists
(Carranza and Obregon)
• 1911 Zapata led revolts against haciendas in S. Mexico
• 1913 Pancho Villa led revolts in north to create family ranches
• Both had agrarian base and social reforms, but no national
movement sustained
• Constitutionalists controlled cities and resources
• Const’ists restored communal lands, adopted programs for
workers and middle class
• Constitution of 1917: universal suffrage, one-term, state
education
• 1920-1940: Cardenas nationalized oil industry
• Foundation of industrialization formed, Independent identity
finally created
THE COLD WAR
1945-1991
U.S. vs. U.S.S.R. (ch. 31)
• Division of Europe based on ideological:
Capitalism/Democracy vs. Communism
• Division of Germany
• Truman Doctrine 1947: aid countries threatened
by communist takeover; containment
• NATO and Warsaw Pact
• Nonaligned nations: no sides in CW, but $ from
both sides (India, Indonesia)
China and Communism
• Sun Yat-sen (Guomindang), led Chinese
Revolution 1911
• Chiang Kai-Shek (Guomindang) vs. Communists
(Mao) and Japanese in 1920s & 1930s
• 1949: Mao Tse-tung; peasant-based revolution;
Civil War
• Taiwan: Republic of China (Guomindang,
Nationalists)
• China: People’s Republic of China (communist,
Mao)
• Mao: Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution
Change in China
Dynasty in China: Confucianism, class
structure
• Large families, Confucian principles
Communism in China:
• Collectivized agriculture
• No religion; population control, infanticide
• Advances for women: divorce, property
rights, equal pay/work
KOREA AND VIETNAM
Korea: 1950 N.Korea (communist) invades S. Korea
• 1950-1953 Korean War: U.S. helps S.K., fear of
China/USSR involvement
• Ceasefire at 38th parallel remains today
Vietnam: French tried to maintain colonial rule; North
Vietnam communists supported Viet Cong in South
• JFK supports S.V. even though gov’t corrupt
• Fear of Domino effect in S.E. Asia if Vietnam communist
• U.S. sent military “advisers”; U.S. engaged and unable to
defeat guerrilla warfare
• 1973 treaty b/t N.V. and U.S. ended conflict
Latin America in the Cold War
• Legacy of military
governments and dictators
• Move towards
diversification of economy
• Import substitution:
replace foreign goods w/
goods made at home,
locals would benefit
• Huge gap b/t rich and poor
• Population boom created
problems in cities
• Drug Trade
The Cuban Revolution
• Fulgencio Batista was a dictator with friendly relations
with U.S.
• Batista allowed U.S. sugar and oil companies to operate in
Cuba
• Fidel Castro leads a revolution in Cuba in 1959
• Castro names himself president and took control of
American oil refineries, broke up commercial farms
• Castro relied on Soviet aid (bought Cuban sugar)
End of Communism in Eastern
Europe (ch. 32)
Eastern Bloc nations economically and socially behind West
Poland: Solidarity, 1980s; workers reform comm system;
1990 communist party in Poland out
German Reunification: 1989 Fall of Berlin Wall; move to
integrate E. Germany and build modernized, industrialized
econ w/ democracy
Collapse of Soviet Union: 1985 Gorbachev’s glasnost and
perestroika; disintegration of USSR 1991;
Once communism in the Eastern bloc nations and USSR fell,
the US found itself the world’s only superpower…
The “Middle East”
(ch. 31-33)
Post- WWI Mandate system
Creation of Israel: 1917 Balfour Declaration;
1948: two Palestines created- one for Jews,
one for Palestinians; Israel immediately
attacked by six Arab countries, won control
of most of Palestine
Iranian Revolution 1979
Oil
The 1990s – Today
(ch. 33)
First Gulf War 1991: Iraq invades Kuwait, U.S. led
coalition; Saddam Hussein remains in power
• Ethnic-cleansing in Balkans, Africa
• Globalization and Popular Culture
• Human and Women’s Rights
• Sept. 11, 2001: Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden
and the second Gulf War
• Global Terrorism
THE BIG PICTURE
• What is the impact of nationalism on regional and
global levels? Self-determination is the goal of
most nationalists, but what are both the positives
and negatives of nationalism?
• Nationalism: WWI and WWII aggressors; postWWII independence movements; Cold War and
post-Cold War
• Globalization and the convergence of cultures–
positive, negative, both?
Major Comparisons 1914-Present
• Patterns and results of decolonization in Africa
and India
• Revolutions in Russia, China, Cuba, Iran and their
effects on roles of women
• Effects of world wars on areas outside of Europe
• Legacies of colonialism and patterns of economic
development in two of three areas (Africa, Asia,
Latin America)
• Notion of the “West” and “East” in Cold War
ideology
• Different types of independence struggles
• Impacts of Western consumer society on two
civilizations outside Europe