Transcript Princeton Review

Kaplan Review
1914 to Present
If you only learn 6
things….
Pg 223
World War I
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Longer term causes of WWI
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War began with assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne.
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Alliances
Imperialism
Militarism
Nationalism
Assassin was Serbian Slav nationalists
Austria declares war on Serbia
Germany sides with Austria; Russia sides with Serbia
France sides with Russia, and Great Britain sides with France.
New Weapons: machine guns; trench warfare; civilians and women
“total war”
Governments controlled industry and propaganda
Treaty of Versailles – the “Big Four” meet to end the war; treaty
laid down harsh terms that Germany had to agree with.; new
nations were formed. Not all were satisfied with the results of
treaty.
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Woodrow Wilson – had a plan called Fourteen Points
 Self-determination of nationalities
 Peace without victory
 Disarmament
 Fair treatment
 League of Nations – only idea accepted; U.S. did not join
 Read the Allies – the big four
Central powers: Germany – left weak, and new govt. formed
(Weimar); Ottoman – Turkey declared republic; Arab nationalism
rose.
Other Major Players
 Russia – czar was overthrown in bloody civil war; USSR is
formed; czar and family were shot
 Japan – Fought with Allies; wanted to add to empire; it did not
however.
 China – Protested in Beijing, Nationalism surged; cultural and
intellectual period called May Fourth Movement; looked to
Western Ideas
Global Depression
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U.S. economy is crucial to world market.
Market collapses; reaction was felt around the world
Impact severe in Europe; depended on Amer. Loans to
recover from WWI. – London, Berlin, Tokyo.
Global unemployment; U.S. had highest tariff; blocked
international trade
Causes:
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Overdependence on American loans
Increased tariffs and protectionism
Industrial and farming surpluses leading to deflation
Poor banking management
Led to political instability and political extremism
(communism and fascism, dictatorships)
Japan invaded Manchuria for their need of resources; left the
League. Italy invaded Ethiopia.
Rise of Fascist and Totalitarian States
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Italy
Fear of spread of communism to other nations led to
anticommunism.
 Mussolini marched to Rome demanding to form a govt.
 Italy was now dominated by Mussolini and his fascists
 Became prototypical modern dictator
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Fascism
Opposition to communism as a threat to tradition and
private property
 Ultra-nationalism and glorification of state
 Militarism and glorification of war
 Alliances with big business/destruction of labor unions
 Rejection of liberalism and democracy
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Soviet Union
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Transfer of power in Moscow; Lenin died; rise of Josef Stalin.
Stalin’s ruthless elimination of all rivals; associated with Soviet communism; but
also called Stalinism
Stalinism as practiced
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Germany
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Germany rebuilt its govt. as parliamentary democracy; burdened with war debt;
tried to reestablish itself in the international community.
Many feared they would be next communist nation
Adolf Hitler; leader of Nazi Party rose to power.
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Centralized control of economy
World leadership of the international communist movement
Forced collectivization of all farming
Promotion of atheism and control of organized religion
Spoke against communism; anti-Semitic racism (blamed Jews for communism); ultranationalistic; promised a greater Germany
Became dictator; controlled all aspects of life.
Stalin, Hitler, Mussolini – Totalitarian Regimes:
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Single leader with unquestioned authority
Single party in charge of all government
Creation of police state to terrorize and control populace
Aggressive elimination of all opposition groups
World War II
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Many unresolved issues from the Great War (WWI)
Tensions were building in Europe and Asia
Germany invaded Poland; Japan invaded China
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When Germany overran France, Japan overtook French Indocina
Japan and Germany were both expanding their territory
France fell to Germany which left only Great Britain to fight
Germany
Britain’s Royal Air Force defended the skies over England
Hitler turned attention to Russia; Japan attacked U.S.; both
Russia and U.S. were caught off guard.
By 1942 Japan controlled most of Pacific; Germany
controlled most of Europe.
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Germany was forced to turn back at Stalingrad; Japan lost battle at
Midway (turning points of war)
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Occupied nations by Germany and Japan were brutal. Millions were
killed; camps were set up. China and Poland had wholesale slaughters
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New War technology:
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Radar
Sonar
Rockets
Nuclear bomb – finished war against Japan
United Nations – settled postwar problems; headquartered in NYC;
Allied victors (U.S., Britain, France, USSR, China)
UN is voluntary; General Assembly is a forum to discuss world
problems;
To keep peace, UN has 3 responses to military aggression
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20 million deaths in Europe alone
Hitler targeted Jews (6 million killed); Holocaust
Millions of Chinese were killed by Japan
Diplomatic protest and pressure
Economic sanctions
Collective military action.
Read Origins of Cold War
Outcomes of WWII
U.S. and Russia both rise to power; were
the 2 “winners”
 U.S.
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 Greatest
postwar status fell to U.S.
 Possession of A-bomb
 Suffered fewest losses
 Russia
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devastating losses
 Once victorious, USSR participated in UN,
established its hegemony in E. Europe
The Cold War (1945-1989)
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Tensions between former allies
Allies worked together to occupy Germany; but USSR sought to
control nations on its Western front to protect them from future
invasions.
De facto division – Divide Europe into Capitalist West and
communist E.; Germany was in the middle; its capital city, Berlin, was
divided
USSR exploded its own nuclear device; intense rivalry between U.S.
and USSR
Ended when Soviet Union collapsed
Features of Competition between U.S. and USSR
 Technological – weapons, nuclear bombs, space race, moon race
 Geopolitical – both wanted influence across the globe
 Ideological capitalism vs. communism
By mid 1950’s relations between USSR and China began to
deteriorate; different views of Marxism
U.S. took advantage and normalized relations with China.
Independence and Nationalist Movements
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Throughout 20th century, independence movements and
nationalism rose in many parts of the world; most were response
to colonial power (imperialism).
India
 Movement led by Indian National Congress
 Some transfer of power (domestic issues); but British
repression rose
 Britain cracked down on freedom of press and assembly; fired
on protest rally
 Mohandas Gandhi – Indian nationalist movement grew; ahisma
(non-violent protest); civil disobedience; unsuccessful in allying
with Muslims; Muslims wanted separate state
 After WWII, it was hard for Britain to maintain their empire;
independence was granted to India (Hindu) and Pakistan
(Muslim); mass migration = violence
 Gandhi was devastated and later assassinated my Hindu
extremist
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Sub-Saharan Africa
 Most of Africa was controlled by Europe; had been
transformed to monoculture of cash crops and mining.
 Independence movements were led by Africans who had
European education.
 Process of independence varied widely across the continent.
 Ghana was first; Kenya was more difficult
 Congo – Belgian govt. just departed
 Political borders created by Europe were comprised of
unrelated ethnic groups = conflict
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Ex. Rwanda – Hutus vs. Tutsis
S. Africa – Union of S. Africa had already been formed; but
very restrictive laws to control the black population; - Apartheid
87% of territory was reserved for whites.
 African Nation Congress organized resistance
 1989 National Party began to take apart the apartheid system
 Nelson Mandela (part of the ANC) was released from jail and was
elected as first freely elected president of S. Africa.
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Zionism and Palestinian Nationalism
 After WWI, British held a mandate in Palestine but
conflicted promises to the Arabs and Jews
 Balfour Declaration of 1917 – British govt. supported
creation of homeland for Jews in Palestine and allowed
Jews to migrate there.
 Arab Palestinians saw this as imperial control.
 After WWII Pan-Arabism (pro united Muslim world)
opposed creation of Jewish state, however, Holocaust
intensified movement to create a separate nation for
Jews.
 U.N. helped create a plan to divide the area into 2
states. Civil ware ensued – Jewish allies won and Jewish
state of Israel was formed on May 1948.
 Continued fighting still occurs today. Palestinian
Liberation Organization was created to reclaim the
land.
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Vietnam
 French
colonial rule of Southeast Asia had to deal
with rising nationalism.
 Ho Chi Minh first fought against Japanese during
WWII, but when France returned fought them also.
Ho Chi Minh was a Marxist (communist); wanted
U.S. support, but U.S. was strongly anti communist
(USSR)
 French were defeated and left
 Vietnam became Cold War sideshow
 U.S. gave aid to the South, USSR supported
communist in the North
 Led to Vietnam War; U.S. tried to protect South
Vietnam from communist North. Effort failed; was
a communist victory
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Revolutions: Russia
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By 1914 Russia was far behind Europe economically and
technologically
Disorder and chaos (from WWI) forced czar to abdicate the
thrown.
Lenin promised “Peace, Land, Bread”
Nov. 1917 – Lenin seized power; he ended war with Germany
(WWI)
Civil war raged – Red (communists) vs. Whites (loyalists; to the
czar)
Bolshevik government took control; Lenin took more moderate
course of action
New Economic Policy (NEP) govt. controlled banking, trade,
and heavy industry
Lenin dies; Stalin takes over.
Five-Year Plan – individual farms became collectivized
(controlled by govt.); agriculture declined
Stalin issued great Oppression – Stalin’s Great Purges
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Revolutions: China
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China suffered much during WWI and WWII
After Sun Yixian died, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek) took over.
Jiang tried to work with Communist Party, but drove them
underground
When Japan attacked Jian (Nationalist Guomingdang Party) and
Communist Party joined together; must distrust
Civil War broke out between the two parties. Communist Party
won (under Mao Zedong), Nationalist Party retreated to Taiwan
and created new govt. in Taiwan
Mao Zedong borrowed Stalin’s plan of collectivization of
farms; Great Leap Forward.
Great Leap Forward was great failure
Cultural Revolution in 1960’s – 2nd major reform
Red Guards wanted to re-revolutionize China; many were killed.
Check out the Role of Women Chart!
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Revolutions: Mexico
 Late 19th century, early 20th century, Portfino Diaz was
dictator of Mexico
 95% owned no land; foreign investors owned 20-25% of
land.
 Very little changed occurred after initial revolution –
1910 people rose up and civil war ensued.
 Many leaders of civil war wanted to break control of
Creole rule
 Ex. Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata
 Leaders constantly changed; due to assassinations
 Carranza became president – wrote Constitution of 1917
 Land distribution reformed, set salaries and hours for
workers; controlled Church property and education
 Party of Institutionalized Revolution dominated politics
for rest of century; stood up to foreign companies.
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Revolutions: Iran
 Shah Reza ruled from 1953-1979 – heavily
influenced by West (to modernize)
 Was oppressive; used secret police
 Had much opposition:
 1. Religious Ulama (tradition Islamic religion was
suppressed)
 2. Students and intellectuals
 3. Farmers and workers
 Religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini led
demonstrations and forced Reza to exile
 Khomeini instituted sharia law (Islamic law) became
law of the land; women had to wear traditional
Islamic clothing and were placed under legal
restrictions
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Revolutions: Cuba
 1939-1959 – Cuba was ruled by dictatorship under
Batista; very few were wealthy
 Fidel Castro organized a guerilla movement which
at first failed but would eventually gain power in
1959.
 He promised to hold elections but did not.
 Established close ties with USSR (U.S. viewed as
threat)
 1961 – Castro announced Communist Plan,
collectivized farms, economy, education and
medical services
 Tensions increased with Bay of Pigs (U.S. trained
Cubans to overthrow Castro)
 Cuban Missile Crisis – Soviet missiles were
Political Reform and Economic Changes
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The 2nd half of the 20th century, many countries experienced
economic and political changes
China
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After Mao died in 1976, Deng Xiaoping came to power
Created new economic modernization
Four Modernization: industry, agriculture, technology and national
defense.
Foreign investment was encouraged
Deng was criticized for no democratic change
Tiananmen Square – Students were calling for democratic changes –
troops and tanks were sent to crush the rebellion
Chinese govt. still contend that political stability were keys to China’s
success
India
After independence from British, India adopted
parliamentary political system based on that of Britain.
 State took ownership of major industries but left local
business to private ownership
 Nehru advocated industrialization
 Nonalignment foreign policy
 Tension remained with Muslim Pakistan over land of
Kashmir.
 Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi became prime minister;
enforced sterilization (very unpopular); crushed rebel
attacks in Punjab; was assassinated by her body guard in
1984
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Soviet Union/Russia
 After Stalin came Khrushchev; initiated a de-Stalinization
movement.
 Encouraged more freedom of expression
 Brezhenev, retreated from de-Stalinization and became more
restrictive; industrial growth declined
 Gorbechev came to power in 1985; started perestroika
(restructuring) – began market economy and some private
property.
 Glasnost (openness); elections
 Republics wanted independence; USSR broke apart, and
ended Cold War
 Boris Yeltsin came to power; wanted economic reform; Russia
still struggles with corruption and unstable economy.
Eastern Europe
 Influenced by Soviet Union who installed communist leaders
and closely monitored.
 Economic hardships and lack of liberties led to growing
discontent
 Hungary expressed discontent; Soviet army crushed
 Czechoslovakia - Prague Spring – Soviet crushed
 E. Europe experienced rise in education and urban workingclass; new privileged class were communist party
 USSR declining in 1980’s, liberation movements increased
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Ex. Solidarity, led by Lech Walesa in Poland; Czechoslovakia split in
1994; Berlin Wall was torn down to reunify Germany
E. Europe countries moved to join NATO and EU.
Yugoslavia – ethnic conflict (ethnic cleansing by Milosevic)
Japan
 5 years after WWII, Japan was governed by Allies.
 Goal was to make Japan economically strong (could
be defense against communism)
 Japan and U.S. formed defensive alliance
 Became large export economy – focused on
technology
 Economic has suffered a little; more focus on
individual achievement; emphasizes strong work ethic
Demographic and Environmental Issues
 World Population Growth (6 Billion)
 Environmental issues
 Migration has increased; rapid urbanization
Societal Changes
 Changing Gender Roles
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Pioneering women becoming doctors
Female suffrage (right to vote)
New image of modern woman
Feminist movement
Politics, law and medicine have become more open to women; female
heads of government.
Sexual revolution; birth control; marriage is challenged
In the developing world, changes in gender roles varies
Some communists had legal reforms for women.
China had one-child policy
Literacy rates for women in S. Asia were still below men’s
Globalization
 Regional and International Organizations
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Internationalization of Culture
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OPEC
WTO
GATT
ASEAN
EU
NAFTA
NGO’s
McDonalds, Coca-cola, Kentucky Fried Chicken
Consumer culture – focus on materialism and cultural conformity
English language
Islamic fundamentalism – reacts against Western culture
Mega-Trends:
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Population Growth; multinational businesses; access to info,
nationalism, religious fundamentalism, rise of export economies.
Good luck!
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Go with what you know!
Get some sleep tonight!!