Transcript wh unit 4 notes - Augusta County Public Schools

World History 1500 to present
Unit 4 : Growth of Western Democracies, End of
Old Empires, Causes and Effects of WWI
SOLs: WHII 8 a-c; 9 a-c; 10a
Unit 3 Review before moving on….
 Industrialization
 Need for natural resources
 Need for new markets for industrially
produced finished goods
 Need to establish the most powerful
empire
 Need to embrace and justify
IMPERIALISM
Imperialism
 Justified as the “White Man’s Burden”
(Rudyard Kipling)
 Idea that technologically advanced
Europeans were morally and socially
superior to natives of Asia, Africa, and
the Americas
 Colonies, Protectorates, and Spheres of
Influence
Africa falls to Imperialism
Berlin Conference: 1884-1885
CHINA: Dynasty Song?!
 Confucian values and traditional beliefs
 External pressures from the Western
powers
 Internal pressures
 Corruption and incompetence
 Peasant unrest
 Increased population growth and
decreased food production
(famine and death)
China: Taiping Rebellion
(late 1830s to
1850s)
 Taiping Rebellion: led by Christian
convert who thought he was Jesus’
little brother
 Means “Heavenly Kingdom of Great
Peace”
 14 year civil war with 20 million killed
 Foreign powers came together to crush it
CHINA: Opium War 1839-1842
 Economics of trade balance
 Britain spent too much silver on
Chinese imports
 British East India Co. sold Opium to
Chinese
 Chinese lost the war and Hong Kong
CHINA: under Western spheres of
influence
 Extraterritoriality: Europeans living
in China did not have to live by
Chinese laws, but by their own
nation’s laws
 USA’s “Open Door Policy” declares
equal access to China to all European
nations…(AND the USA!)
CHINA: Boxer Rebellion
(1900)
 Shadow-boxing and the name
“Society of the Harmonious Fists”
 Another attempt to get foreigners
OUT of China
 Failed after allied foreign armies
crushed them and demanded they
pay for damages (!)
China: Moving into the Modern Age
 Republic of China
est. 1911 under Sun
Yixian (aka Sun YatSen)
 Three Principles of
the People:
“Father of Modern China”
 NATIONALISM
 SOCIALISM
 DEMOCRACY
Sun Yat-Sen’s 3 Principles
 Nationalism: to unite the Chinese
people against foreign influences and
give them a Chinese “Identity”
 Socialism: to lead to greater equality
and opportunity
 Democracy: to give the people the
ability to make their own future
Sun-Yat Sen & Communists
 Most of the intended reforms did not
happen and a workable system did not
emerge in “modern” China
 By 1921, radical Chinese college students
and faculty form The Chinese Communist
Party
 Communist International, formed in 1919,
(Comintern) advised the new party to join
Sun Yat-Sen’s Nationalist Party
Sun Yixian and Jiang Jieshi
(aka
Chiang Kai-Shek)
 The Communist/Nationalist Alliance
helped oppose Chinese warlords and
drive out imperialist powers….3 years
 Revolutionary army marches north to
take control
 Sun Yixian dies in 1925 and Jiang
Jieshi becomes the head of the
Nationalist Party
CHINESE NATIONALISTS (Nationalist
Party)
Sun Yat-Sen
Chiang Kai-shek
“Communists are
a disease of the
heart”
Chiang Kai-shek and
his forces attacked
the communists in
Shanghai, killing
thousands
(Shanghai Massacre)
The Nationalist PartyChinese Communist
alliance was…..”over”
Chinese Communists
 After the Shanghai Massacre they go
into hiding
 In the mountainous south, they find a
strong leader in MAO ZEDONG
 Mao sees the future of Communism
not in the urban working poor but in
the rural peasants
Chinese Nationalists vs
Communists
 By 1931, Nationalists drive most
Communists from Shanghai
 Mao’s Communists are smaller in
number BUT…effective at guerilla
tactics in battle
 LONG MARCH 1935-1936: Mao’s
communist forces marched 6,000
miles to the last base in the North
90,000 troops marched North---only
9,000 made it
Nationalist Party (Kuomintang)
tries to force China to reform
 Use of dictatorial powers to prevent
spread of communism
 Land “reform” program
 Small middle class in urban areas
accepted some western practices:
 material wealth
 individual advancement
 Peasants were 80% of Chinese
population
Confucian Values and New China
 Successes: roads, railways,
education
 Chiang Kai-shek wanted to combine
the BEST Western innovations with
traditional Chinese values (while
rejecting excessive greed and
individualism)
 Hard-work
 Obedience
 Integrity
Major Problems for China
 Japan was threatening to take over more
of Northern China (Manchuria, 1931)
 Great Depression was affecting the
Chinese economy
 Chiang Kai-Shek’s support base (landed
gentry and urban middle class)..he did
not want to lose their support
 Did NOT attempt “redistribution of wealth”
programs
 Censorship and suppression of opposition
alienated intellectuals and moderates
Nationalists & Communists:Part 2
 Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists and
Mao Zedong’s Communists put the
civil war on hold in 1936 to work
together against the JAPANESE
 Japanese take capital of Nanjing
 WW II ends in 1945
 1946 Nationalists and Communists go
back to full scale civil war
Communists eventually win China
 Peasants love the idea of “free land”
 Millions join the Communists
 Nationalists flee to Island of Formosa
(TAIWAN)
 Mao Zedong takes over China and
begins the Great Leap Forward (but
China falls on its butt)
 …Saga to be continued in Unit 5
JAPAN
Japan: a brief review
 By 1000 AD the Imperial period was in
decline and the feudal age on the rise
 Certain families gained power and
weakened the central power of the
emperor
 Emperor becomes more of a
“ceremonial figure” than a real POWER
 Social organization in Japan
 Shogun- appointed by emperor, military
leader, most powerful person in Japan
 Daimyo (DIME-’yo)- landowners, loyal to
the shogun, but powerful in their own
right
 Samurai- warrior class that supported
the daimyo and shogun militarily in return
for land and supplies
 Peasants and Artisans: exchange
services for protection
 Merchants: bottom of the social scale,
but “rich”
China
VS
 Scholars were
respected in China
 Buddhism and
Confucian values
focused on family
and relationships
 China was easily
invaded
Japan
 Warriors were
respected in Japan
 Japanese were able
to repel attacks by
invaders & develop in
isolation
 Fostered a militaristic
attitude (Code of
Bushido)
Japan: Between 1500 and 1800
 3 Great Unifiers (Last was the
powerful daimyo of Tokugawa Ieyasu)
 Tokugawa shogunate takes over 1603
 “great peace” until 1868
 Europeans come in with clocks,
tobacco, eyeglasses, Christianity
(Jesuits destroyed shrines…not good
PR move)
Japan: Between 1500 and 1800
 Japanese Christians were persecuted
 European merchants were also forced
out, only a small Dutch port was left
in Nagasaki..one time every year, 2-3
months MAX
 Daimyo “hostage system” of rule
 Samurai lost “warrior” status and
became managers of daimyo hans
 Ronin were masterless samurai
Japan: Between 1500 and 1800
 Formal foreign relations until 1800 with
only Korea, “The Hermit Kingdom”
 Foreign trade ships were driven away
from Japan
 4 US WARships under Commodore
Matthew Perry
 Perry brings a letter from President Millard
Fillmore (sailors in cages, trade)
 Perry comes back with bigger fleet
 Treaty of Kanagawa signed
Treaty of Kanagawa:
•Return shipwrecked sailors (free from cages)
•Open 2 ports for US trade
•Consulate established
•Exchange foreign ministers
Japanese Resistance
 Samurai classes strongly resisted
 1863, Satsuma and Choshu areas
formed an alliance to force the shogun
to end relations with the West
 Western ships were stronger and
revealed to the Japanese that they
were militarily WEAK!
 The Sat-Cho alliance attacked the
shogun and forced the restoration of
the emperor
Meiji Restoration
 Sat-Cho leaders
began a new policy
to make Japan
strong enough to
resist Western
imperialism
 Young emperor
was “Mutsuhito”
who called the new
era Meiji for
“Enlightened Rule”
Changes under Meiji rule in Japan
 Western political
style: a legislative
assembly with
imperial rule
 Liberals (want
Parliament powerful
and representative
of people) and
Progressives
(power shared
between legislative
and executive**)
emerge
 By 1890, the
German model
(attractive to
Progressives) won
 Traditional and
modern..same
power people had
power
 “Democratic in
form,
authoritarian in
practice”
Japanese society under Meiji
Aristocratic privileges abolished
Women got jobs and education
More industrialization and shift to cities
LOTS of westernization (dancing, eating,
playing games, clothing)
 Exploitation of working classes
 Demands for more political voice




Japan’s Imperial dreams….
 Need for colonies, just like the west
 Ryukyu islands (had been under Chinese
control)
 Korean ports forced to open up
 Manchurian city of Port Arthur and Taiwan
 War with Russia over Korea, Japan wins
(Peace negotiated by POTUS Teddy
Roosevelt)
 Japan becomes…”Significant” as a world
power
Chilly relations with United States
 USA wants more power in the Pacific
and authority over Philippines
 US restricts Japanese immigration
 Racism and nativism in US, especially
on West Coast
Causes of World War I
The Industrial Revolution leads nations to
compete for economic dominance and
international prestige.
Question: By 1900, which countries were the
most industrially developed in the world?
Causes of World War I
Imperialism:
Militarism:
Alliance System:
Nationalism:
Imperialism (as a cause of WWI)
 Competition over access to resources and
markets = economic rivalry
 British and French concern over GERMAN
competition and colonial claims
 German growth in all areas:
French
Colonies 1914:
British Colonies
1914:
Militarism (as a cause of WWI)
 Arms race =Industrial nations build up
better weapons
 Military power = national prestige
 Glorification of all things military
 Military leaders become powerful
 …..”Social Darwinism”….stronger can
outfight the weaker
Militarism: New tech for WWI







Machine guns
Hand grenades
Poison gas
Zeppelins
Submarines
SOME airplanes
……trench warfare
strategy
Trench Warfare = STALEMATE!
 Defensive strategy
 Horrific casualities
 Rats: feeding on
dead
 Lice: everywhere
 Mud: WET, slimy
 Trenchfoot
Trench Warfare = STALEMATE!
 Rats: feeding on
dead
 Lice: everywhere
 Mud: WET, slimy
Alliance System (as a cause of WWI)
 Agreements between nations to aid each other if
attacked (OLD, new, flimsy, etc.)
 Russia is the “protector” of smaller Slavic
nations
 Emergence of “the Allies” (Britain, France, Russia)
 Emergence of “the Central Powers”(Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)
Nationalism (as a cause of WWI)
 French want revenge against Germany
 French want Alsace and Lorraine back
from Germany (after Franco-Prussian
war)
 Pan-Slavism unites those wanting a
Southern European state for Slavic
people
 Germany wants “a place in the sun”
(recognition and respect for its power)
Immediate Cause:
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
of Austria-Hungary, August 1914
Alliance System (as a cause of WWI)
 Agreements between nations to aid each other if
attacked (OLD, new, flimsy, etc.)
 Russia is the “protector” of smaller Slavic
nations
 Emergence of “the Allies” (Britain, France, Russia)
 Emergence of “the Central Powers”(Germany,
Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)
Examples of Nationalism (as a cause of
WWI)
 French want revenge against Germany
 French want Alsace and Lorraine back from
Germany (after Franco-Prussian war)
 Pan-Slavism unites those wanting a Southern
European state for Slavic people
 Germany wants “a place in the sun”
(recognition and respect for its power)
Immediate Cause:
Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
of Austria-Hungary, August 1914
United States and World War I
 For three years, America
remained neutral, and
there was strong
sentiment not to get
involved in a European
war.
 continuing German
submarine warfare
restricts freedom of the
seas

American cultural ties to
Great Britain.
 Wilson wanted to “make
the world safe for
democracy.”
United States and World War I
1. Propaganda fuels anti-German feelings
2. Germany sinks Lusitania ship
3. Zimmerman telegram intercepted
4. Russian revolution breaks out and a “nonautocratic” government is set up…..BEFORE
it goes communist
5. April 2, 1917…USA declares war on Germany
United States and World War I
 Draft laws
 Rationing and government
organizes war production
 Americans SUPPORT war
effort
 Gov’t acts to STOP
those who protest:
 Espionage and Sedition
Act
 America’s military
resources of soldiers
and war materials
tipped the balance of
the war and led to
Germany’s defeat.
Armistice Day
“November 11th,
11:00 am, 1918”
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 Wilson’s plan to
eliminate the causes
of war
 Key ideas:

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

Self-determination
Freedom of the sea
League of Nations
Mandate system
Treaty of Versailles (Verse-EYE)
 The French and
English insisted on
punishment of
Germany.
 A League of Nations
was created.
 National boundaries
were redrawn,
creating many new
nations.
League debate in United States
Objections to U.S.
foreign policy
decisions made by an
international
organization, not by
U.S. leaders
 U.S. Senate’s failure
to approve Treaty of
Versailles
Russia and the Revolution
RUSSIA: the Land and People
•1/6 of Earth’s surface is “Russia
and its republics”
Tundra, taiga, steppe and desert
from the Caspian Sea in Asiatic
highlands
•Ural mountains divide “Europe”
from “Asia”
•Volga River is longest in all of
Europe (flows South to Caspian)
•Lake Baikal is the deepest
freshwater lake (1 mile at deepest)
Historical Background of Russia
 Earliest invaders were
Vikings from the North
(Norsemen or
“Varangians”)
 Reddish hair (“rus”) gave
name to earliest state of
Kiev
 Kievan Rus…..became
“Russia”
 “Viking” names (Helga
and Waldamar) became
Russian names (Olga
and Vladimir)
Background History of Russia
 Riches of Kiev led to its downfall
 Tatar/Mongol Domination for almost 300
years
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
Paid taxes to Khans; military service
Cut off from West
Allowed Orthodox Christianity to remain
Autocracy is accepted; screws up Russian thinking
about gov’t for…..(ever?!)
 Rise of Moscow: Russian princes eventually
put down Mongols 1380 at Battle of Kulikovo
 Moscow is geographically important on trade routes
from East
 Princes of Moscow maintain a stable gov’t
Background History of Russia
 Ivan III (The
Great) 1462 – 1505
 built a framework
absolute rule
 Limited the power of
boyars
 Adopted Byzantine
customs,…grandson:
 Ivan IV (The
Terrible) 15331584
 Centralized royal
power
 Exchanged land to
boyars for military
service
 Entrenched serfdom
 Was NUTS
Background History of Russia
 Time of Troubles 1604-1613
 Political instability, peasant uprisings,
invasions by foreigners
 Ends with the Zemsky Sobor appointment
of the Romanov Dynasty beginning with
Michael in 1613
Brief Outline of the “modern
Age)Romanovs
 Alexander I: 1st to
embrace “liberal” ideas,
but after Napoleon, went
conservative at COV
 Nicholas I: cracks
down on dissent, uses
secret police, starts
modernization
 Alexander II: loses
Crimean War; FREES the
serfs, assassinated
 Alexander III: cracks
down on dissent,
censorship, secret
police, exiled people,
“Russification” esp
against Jews
(pogroms)
 Nicholas II:
Ineffective ruler and
soldier, WWI, October
Manifesto, Bloody
Sunday, assassinated
w/family
Russian Revolution
 Czar Nicholas II’s reforms were too little
too late
 No industrial power = no national power
 Loss to the Japanese was humiliating
announcement of weakness
 WWI participation sucked Russia dry and
made civil war inevitable
 Weak resistance to well organized and
mobilized Bolshevik radicals
 Total abdication and assassination end
the Romanov Dynasty
Vladimir Lenin
 Marxist
Revolutionary
 NEP allowed
some capitalism
and helped
Soviet economy
recover from
early communist
stagnation
 Dies of stroke,
1924
Leon Trotsky
 Co-founder with
Lenin
 Organized and
trained the RED
ARMY
 Practice of
decimation made
Red Army “effective”
 Rival of Stalin’
 Assassinated in
Mexico with an icepick
Lenin’s Communist Dictatorship in Russia
1917-1924 “Bloodshed & Brainwashing”
 Terror Tactics: use
mass executions to
wipe out opposition
 Economic Control:
nationalization of
industry, banks,
foreign trade (& NEP)
 Centralization of
Gov’t: total control of
gov’t, trade unions,
youth groups, ban
other political parties,
ethnic republics est.
 Religious
Persecution: seizure
of church land &
property, jail/kill
priests, close church
schools, GOD does not
exist, Lenin is your
god now
 Ideology: censor
critics and foreign
news, use of
PROPAGANDA
Rise of Totalitarian Regimes
 Common Features:
Single party dictatorship
State control of the economy
Secret police/state sponsored terrorism
Censorship & Propaganda/government
control of the media
 Schools used to indoctrinate citizens
 Unquestioning obedience to a single ruler
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Totalitarian Regime at FDHS extra TEST
grade creative writing????
 Follow each
direction to the
letter
 It is a test grade
 Video presentation
is OK, but it must
make sense, follow
the rubric and not
waste time!
Post World War I Nationalist
Movements
Mehmet II
enters the city
of
Constantinople
in 1453…..
…by 1633, spans 3
continents
Ottoman Empire circa 1683
Ottoman Empire post WW I
 Great Britain & France decided during
WWI (secretly via Sykes-Picot
Agreement) to divide parts of the
Ottoman Empire amongst themselves
 Mandate system est. by League of
Nations
 New foreign rulers simply planted the
seeds for future conflicts in the region
Young Turks of the Ottoman
Empire
 shared the common goal of reform
 Super-secular
 Primarily envisioned an intellectual elite to
govern the empire…but labeled “liberal”
 military and social uprisings characterize the
movement
 Now blamed for the Armenian genocide of
1915
 Term “Young Turks" now used to identify
any groups or individuals inside an
organization who are more progressive and
reform minded and are grabbing power
Turkey under Mustafa Kemal
(Ataturk)
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“democracy” in theory, not practice
Suppression of critics
Romanized alphabet (Arabic gone)
Popular education
Last names for families (Euro style)
Industrialization
MAJOR secular ideas that don’t sit
well with super-Muslim conservatives
Cultural changes that Muslims hated
 No fez for men or
veils for women
 Marriage &
inheritance rights
for women
 Right to vote for
women
 Right for anyone to
convert to other
religions
Emergence of Modern Iran
Reza Shah Pahlavi
Reforms under Pahlavi
 Strengthen &
modernize
military,
government
 “Iran” 1935
 Remains
“Muslim”
 Forbids women
wearing veils in
public
 Modern
education
Pahlavi Dynasty
 Friendly relations with Germany (by
default)
 Great Britain/USSR invade Iran
 Reza Shah Pahlavi resigns, his son
takes over
Ibn Saud
Ibn Saud & Saudi Arabia

Won a series of military victories
over more powerful enemies

transformed himself from a minor
sheikh into a respected king and was
visited by world leaders such as
Winston Churchill and Franklin D.
Roosevelt (see picture)
took many wives & concubines
(fathered almost one hundred
children)
A devout Muslim
Saudi Arabia is a CLOSE ally of the
West

AND….the birthplace of Osama
bin Laden and most of the 9/11
hijackers
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
Other Arab Nationalist Movements
 Mandate System creates “artificial”
nations after WWI
 Britain: Palestine, Iraq and Jordan
 “Balfour Declaration”
 Not to undermine rights of non-Jews (98% Muslim
residents)
 Zionist Movement strenghtens
 France: Syria and Lebanon
Indian Nationalism
Mohandas Gandhi
Civil disobedience
Passive resistance
British extend
political influence
for SOME Indians
 Salt March, 1930
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Indian Nationalism
 Western educated
intellectuals challenge
Gandhi's leadership
which was …traditional,
religious and INDIAN.
 Jawaharlal Nehru is
most modern, secular
and …….Western
……Nehru Dynasty
Indian Islamic nationalism
Indian Islamic nationalism
 Calls for a
separate Muslim
state in India
begin
 Muhammad Ali
Jinnah wants to
see “Pakistan”
ruled by Muslims
1. Define IMPERIALISM and then describe the different forms
of IMPERIALISM that Europeans used to gain resources and
markets for their industrial economies.
2. Review CH:11 and prepare a CHART of the political,
economic, social and cultural impacts of European
imperialism in each of the following areas
Africa
Middle East
India
Southeast Asia
3. Explain why China fell to European imperialism and how
European imperialists crushed Chinese nationalism.
4. How was Japan able to resist European imperialism and
ultimately become an imperial power themselves?
5. What role did the United States play in the age of
imperialism?
What part of the world most concerned the United States
and….
how did US officials handle foreign policy in these areas?
(6A).Explain the four main causes of WWI …..
(6B.)and the GLOBAL impact of the Treaty of
Versailles.
7. Describe the causes of the Russian
Revolution and how Lenin and Stalin changed it
under communism.
8. Describe the position and politics of the following
people:
Sun Yixian
Jiang Jieshi
Mao Zedong.
How did their visions for China’s future differ?
9. Describe the Nationalist movement in India under
Gandhi. What methods did he use that were most
successful?
10. Compare and contrast the nationalist movements
in: India, Turkey, Persia, and Saudi Arabia. What
cultural problems accompany modernization in this
area of the world? Use a CHART to show your answer.
India
Turkey
Persia
Saudi Arabia