Transcript 1914-Present

1914-Present
World War I
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Alliances
Western/Eastern Fronts
Technology
Homefront: Propaganda, shortages,
rationing
• Colonial involvement
• Treaty of Versailles
• League of Nations
Consequences of World War I
• Increased nationalism in colonized areas
• Genocide in Armenia
• India: independence movement
strengthened, Gandhi
• Middle East: broken promises, League
Mandates, Balfour Declaration
The West in the 1920s
• Optimism for an end to war: Locarno Pact,
Kellogg-Briand Pact
• Prosperity
• New artistic and cultural directions
Fascism
• Extreme nationalism/racism
• Militarism
• Extreme right wing (support of traditional
values)
• Totalitarian government
• Italy, 1923, Benito Mussolini
• Japan, 1920s: Greater East Asia CoProsperity Sphere
Mexican Revolution
• 1910 Diaz vs Madero
• 1914 US intervention in Veracruz
• Rise of Institutional Revolutionary Party
(PRI) 1917 Revolution ends
• New focus on Native American culture as
well as European culture in Mexico
Russian Revolution(s)
• February Revolution (March 1917)
Nicholas II abdicated, Alexander Kerensky
took power, Russia a liberal democracy
• Kerensky promised to continue war
• Lenin and Bolsheviks returned to Russia
with German assistance
• October Revolution (November 1917)
Lenin and Bolsheviks seized power
• Peace with Germany (nearly caused
German victory)
• War communism
• New Economic Policy
• Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet
Union) established 1922
• Joseph Stalin seized power after Lenin’s
death.
• Leon Trotsky exiled, murdered
• Collectivization, Five Year Plans
• Totalitarian government
• Industrialization, militarization
China
• Republic established 1911 under Sun Yatsen
• 1919 May Fourth Movement called for
westernization, abandonment of
Confucianism
• 1920s, Civil War Guomindang
(Nationalists, Chiang Kai-shek) versus
Communists (Mao Zedong)
• Maoism: Peasants are vanguard of the
Revolution
• Long March: Communists retreat in defeat
• 1935: Japanese invasion of China
• Guomindang/Communist alliance to fight
Japanese
Great Depression
• Began in United States
• Soviet Union’s isolated economy little
affected
• Governments took more power over
economies to try to end Depression:
New Deal in US, Labour Party in Britain,
Popular Front in France, democratic
socialism
Rise of Nazism
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German anger over Treaty of Versailles
Rise of Adolf Hitler
Third Reich 1933
Anti-Semitism leading to Final Solution
(Holocaust) genocide
• Remilitarization of Germany
• 1936-38 Spanish Civil War
World War II
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1931, Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1939, invasion of Poland
Blitzkrieg (technology)
Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt
Allies versus Axis
World wide conflict
Nuclear weapons, 1945
Decolonization 1945-1980
• Colonized areas demanded independence
(nationalism) West too weak to maintain
empires
• British Empire became Commonwealth of
Nations
• French resisted loss of empire: Algeria,
Vietnam
• India: 1947 independent, partitioned
• Kashmir controversy
• Africa: quick independence for non-settler
colonies (Ghana)
Slower process for settler colonies
(Kenya)
• South Africa: apartheid regime until 1994.
Nelson Mandela first African president
• “Big Man” syndrome: Zimbabwe, Uganda
• Colonial frontiers created artificial nations:
Rwanda (genocide 1994)
• Middle East: 1948 Israel. Palestinian
question.
• Arab Israeli wars: 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973.
• Intifada (Palestinian uprising)
• Muslim nationalism
Cold War
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Eastern European satellite nations
Winston Churchill: Iron Curtain speech
1948 Berlin Blockade
1949: Year of Shocks: Soviet atom bomb,
China became Communist, formation of
NATO
• Soviets created Warsaw Pact to balance
NATO
• Nuclear arms race: mutual assured
destruction
• 1956 Suez Crisis
• 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis
• 1970s détente
• 1980s Cold War freezes over, Soviet
collapse 1991
The West since World War II
• Liberal democracies and welfare states
• Economic growth
• Abstract, creative art and literature, growth
of secularism (Europe, not US)
• Civil Rights, Women’s Rights
• Energy Crisis
Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
since World War II
• Eastern European satellites (not
Yugoslavia)
• Stalinism: totalitarian government,
command economy, collectivization,
militarism
• Socialist realism the official artistic style
• Emphasis on heavy industry, Five Year
Plans. Consumer shortages
• Stalin died 1953
• 1956 Nikita Khrushchev denounced
Stalinism.
• Cold War: Suez, Missile Crisis
• Khrushchev overthrown 1964. Leonid
Brezhnev took power.
• 1960s-1970s: economic stagnation,
detente
Latin America
• Dependent economies (US)
• US policies promoted intervention in Latin
America: Big Stick Diplomacy, Dollar
Diplomacy
• 1930s Good Neighbor Policy
• 1960s Alliance for Progress
• Banana Republics: unstable countries with
military dictatorships, one crop economies
• US intervention in Guatemala 1952, Chile
1973
• Cuban Revolution 1959: Fidel Castro, Che
Guevara
Latin America from the 1980s to the
present
• Movement away from military rule to
democratically elected governments
• Disappointment over slow economic
growth, globalization led to left-ward
movement in 1990s, 2000s
• Liberation Theology
• Hugo Chavez (Venezuela)
Problems of Decolonization and
Newly Independent Nations
• Overpopulation: parasite cities, ecological
damage
• Neocolonialism: continued dependence on
former mother countries (Latin American
dependence on US)
• Continued subordination of women
• Nationalism (Muslim, etc.)
• Charismatic leadership (personality cults):
Big Man: Nkrumah, Idi Amin
• Artificial countries: colonial frontiers putting
traditional enemies in the same nation:
Nigeria, Rwanda
Muslim Nationalism
• Israeli-Palestinian conflict
• Egypt: Gamal Abdel Nasser
• Iran: 1979 Revolution against Shah,
westernization.
Pacific Rim
• Japan: Allied Occupation 1945-1955
brought new period of cultural copying
• Economic recovery (zaibatsus)
• Liberal democracy
• Article 9
• Nuclear allergy
Korea
• Division after World War II, Korean War
1950-1953
• North Korea: Kim Il Sung, Kim Jong Il.
Personality cult, paranoia, secretiveness
• South Korea: Authoritarianism, economic
recovery based on corporations.(Korean
miracle) 2000s: democratization under
Kim Dae Jung
Taiwan and Singapore
• 1949 Republic of China under Chiang Kaishek
• Authoritarian, economic growth
• Democratization in 2000s
• Singapore: 1965 independent city state
under Lee Kuan Yew
• Authoritarian, banking and trade
People’s Republic of China
War between Guomindang and Communists
resumed after 1945
Communists supported by peasants,
Guomindang by cities
1949, Guomindang withdrew to Taiwan,
People’s Republic of China proclaimed by
Mao Zedong
• 1958 Great Leap Forward, rapid
industrialization in rural areas: failure
• 1966-1976 Cultural Revolution: attempt to
destroy anti-Communist and antirevolutionary elements
• Mao died 1976. Pragmatic rulers since.
Capitalist economy, totalitarian state
Vietnam
• French colony before World War II
• Ho Chi Minh, Marxist, leader of liberation
struggle against French
• 1954, French withdrew after Battle of Dien
Bien Phu. US involvement began (Cold
War) to support South Vietnam against
Communists
• 1965-1975 US intervention, ended when
South Vietnam collapsed
End of the Cold War
• 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev leader of Soviet
Union
• Glasnost and Perestroika
• 1989 Eastern Europe broke away from
Soviet control
• 1991 Soviet Union collapsed, replaced by
Commonwealth of Independent States
• Most former Soviet republics now
authoritarian/totalitarian states
Globalization
• McWorld
• Coca-colonization
• Arguments for and against globalization