Transcript Chapter 11 & 12

CHAPTER 11 & 12
National and
Regional
Growth & The
Age of
Jackson
PLANTATIONS AND SLAVERY SPREAD
 The Industrial Revolutions increased the number of goods being
produced. It also increased the demand for raw materials. In
England, textile mills need huge quantities of cotton to
produce goods to sell throughout the British Empire. Cotton
growers in the South wanted to meet this demand. Cotton
Boom.
 As cotton production grew, so did the demand for slavery.
 Slavery divided white Southerners into those who held slaves
and those who did not. Slaveholders with large plantations were
the wealthiest and most powerful people in the South, but were
relatively few in number. Only one third of white families owned
slaves in 1840.
- The cotton gin made cotton production more profitable and led
to the spread of slavery.
NATIONALISM
 The War of 1812 occurred during James Madison’s Presidency
 The War of 1812 boosted American industry by motivating Americans to
make goods that they used to import from Europe .
 The War of 1812 also increased American Nationalism.
 In 1815, Madison presented a plan to Congress for making
America economically self sufficient. Henry Clay promoted it as
the American System which had three main actions.
1. Establish a Protective Tariff
 This made goods from Europe more expensive and encouraged Americans
to buy cheap American made products
2. Establish a National bank
In 1816, Congress set up the second Bank of the United States
3. Improve the Country’s transportation system.
Erie Canal
SECTIONALISM
 By 1817 James Monroe became President of the United
States.
 During his Presidency several states had started to become
loyal to the interest of their region or section of the country.
 Sectionalism
 Sectionalism became a major issue when Missouri applied to
become a state in 1817.
 People of Missouri wanted to allow slavery in their state. At the time,
the United states consisted of 11 slave states and 11 free states.
 Economic differences among regions and a division over the issue of
slavery increased sectional tension.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE
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Maine which had been
part of Massachusetts,
also wanted to become
a state. Henry Clay
suggested that
Missouri be admitted
as a slave state and
Maine as a free state.
Congress passed this
idea and called it the
Missouri Compromise.
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It called for slavery to
be banned North of the
parallel 36 30’,
Missouri’s southern
border.
MONROE DOCTRINE
 Nationalist feeling made Americans want to define the
nations borders. To do this, U.S leaders had to reach
agreements with Britain and Spain.
 U.S relations with Spain were tense. The two nations
disagreed on boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase and the
ownership of West Florida
 In December 1823, Monroe issued a statement that became
known as the Monroe Doctrine. Monroe said that the Americas
were closed to further colonization. He also warned that
European ef forts to reestablish colonies would be considered
“ dangerous to our peace and safety”. The U.S would stay out
of European af fairs.
 America made treaties with Britain and Spain that strengthened U.S.
borders. The Monroe Doctrine declared the Americas were closed to
further European colonization.
SECTIONALISM CHANGES POLTICS
 By the 1820’s, politics were increasingly dominated by
sectionalism, or loyalty to the interests of a particular region of
the country. In the election of 1824 these sectional interest tore
apart the Democratic - Republican party.
 New Englanders like John Quincy Adams
 Westerners back Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson
 Southerners supported Jackson and William Crawford.
 Andrew Jackson won the most popular votes in the election but
did not win the majority of electoral votes.
 House of Representatives choose the president
 John Adams wins “Corrupt Bargain”
 Before the Election of 1824 there was sectional divisions. After
the Election 1824 two new political parties were formed
 Democrats
 National Republicans
JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY
 Andrew Jackson won the election in 1828 against John Adams
 Bitter Campaign
 Start of Jacksonian Democracy
 The idea of widening political power to more of the people and ensuring
majority rule.
 In the early 1 800’s, many states reduced restrictions on who could
vote. This increased the number of votes. The expansion of voting
rights helped Jackson achieved an over whelming win in the 1828
presidential election.
 Spoils System – giving government job to political backers
 Jackson helped change American democracy by extending
political power to more people
JACKSON’S POLICY TOWARD NATIVE
AMERICANS
 By the early 1 800’s, there still many Native Americans living east of
the Mississippi, despite the fact that white settlers had been
pushing them westward for two hundred year s. These remaining
tribes were viewed by many whites as an obstacle to progress. They
debated what to do with the native population.
 Some whites hoped that Native Americans would assimilate
 Andrew Jackson had long supported a policy of moving native
Americans west of the Mississippi
 He saw Native Americans as conquered subjects who lived within the
borders of the United States. He also felt that the United States
government could regulate where they lived.
 In 1830 Congress passed the Indian Removal Act
 This called for the government to negotiate treaties that would require Native Americans to
relocate west of the Mississippi
TRAIL OF TEARS
 Under the treaties,
Native Americans
would exchange their
current lands for
lands in an area that
covered what is now
Oklahoma and parts
of Kansas and
Nebraska. This area
came to be called the
I n d i a n t e r r i t o r y.
 In 1838, federal
troops commanded
by General Winfield
Scott forced 16,000
Cherokees into
camps. Soldiers took
people from theirs
homes with nothing
but the clothes on
their backs.
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Native Americans were forced west. They endured extreme hardship.
Many died on the Journey or in conflict.
 This har sh journey of
the Cherokee from
their homeland to
Indian territor y
became known as the
Tr a i l o f Te a r s
MANIFEST DESTINY
 After Jackson left of fice Martin Van Buren became president
in 1836. A few months after Van Buren took of fice, a panic, or
widespread fear about the state of the economy, spread
throughout the country. It became knowns as the Panic of
1837.
 The Whig party is formed in 1840 by Henry Clay.
 The Whigs opposed the concentration of power in the chief executive whom they mockingly called “King Andrew” Jackson
 Many Americans believed that it was their fate, or destiny to
expand the United States across the continent from ocean to
ocean. In 1845, a newspaper editor, John O’Sullivan gave a
name to that believed. He called it the Manifest Destiny.