Transcript National Road

Industry and Transportation
The Early Years of
Transportation
•The original 13 states were
on the coast, transportation
revolved around harbors
and rivers.
•At the start of the 19th
century, overland
transportation consisted of
carts, wagons, sleighs, and
stagecoaches pulled by
horses or oxen.
Improving the Roads
•National Road – only decent
route in the U.S. and it was made
out of crushed rock. (Maryland
to Ohio River)
•Turnpikes – roads where users
had to pay a toll, this was used to
try and improve the roads.
The Steamboat
•1st Major advance in transportation, it burned wood and
coal to power rotating paddles.
•A steamboat could cross the Atlantic in 10 to 14 days,
instead of 25 to 50 days by a sailing ship.
•2nd transportation advance was the construction of canals
•Erie Canal – best known of the canals, completed in
1825, it ran for 363 miles across New York State from
Lake Erie to the Hudson River. It cut cost down
dramatically. ($100.00 to $4.00)
•The railroad provided the most dramatic advancement in
transportation.
•Horses pulled the 1st trains in the U.S., but steam-powered
engines soon replaced the animals.
•Trains could pull heavier freight or passengers at higher
speeds than horses could manage.
Industrial Revolution
Developments in technology transformed also
manufacturing. Not only did it change our nations
economy, but also its culture, social life, and politics.
Slater Mill
•Samuel Slater opened the 1st textile mill in Pawtucket,
Rhode Island. The mill used the Blackstone River to power
it’s machinery. He stole the idea from the English.
•Factory work changed lives through speed and volume
Inventions
• Interchangeable Parts – this
improved efficiency in factories.
Eli Whitney came up with the
idea for identical components.
•Samuel Morse - invented the
electrical telegraph. Messages
could be delivered almost
immediately.
•John Deere invented the steel
plow and Cyrus McCormick
invented the mechanical reaper.
Sectional Differences
North Embraces Industry
•Jefferson had wanted to keep the U.S. as a nation of farmers.
However, between 1815-1860 the North became industrialized.
•Reason for spread of industrialization:
1. the embargo of 1807
2. the war of 1812
3. This led to Americans building factories in the Northeast.
•When these two events were over the goods started to flow in
from Britain again. Congress passed the Tariff of 1816 to protect
the American factories.
Why the Northeast?
1. Capital – the money needed to build factories
2. Labor was cheaper
3. Swift flowing rivers that provided power to the factories
Social Changes in the North
•These factories reduced the number of needed skilled workers
(artisans), such as blacksmiths, shoemakers, and tailors.
•Workers Organize – labor unions were created with the hope of
improving pay and working conditions.
•Middle Class Emerges – men were hired to manage businesses as
bankers, lawyers, accountants, clerks, auctioneers, brokers, and
retailers. Men went to work while women stayed home.
•Emigration from Ireland and Germany – Ireland had a potato
famine which led to mass starvation. Germans left during the
same period when a political revolution failed.
•Nativists – wanted laws to discourage immigration
Southern Agricultural
Cotton production surges:
1. The cotton gin – invented
by Eli Whitney
2. Western expansion
3. Industrialization
Slavery Grows with the Cotton Boom
•Growing cotton requires land and labor. Because cotton
was so profitable, the demand for slaves soared.
•Economic Consequences – Many plantation owners became
rich, but the production limited regional development. The
South became to dependent on cotton.
•Planters opposed education for slaves
and did not want to provide it for poor
whites.
•Three-fourths of slave owners owned
less than ten slaves.
Nationalism
Nationalism sweeps the country
Henry Clay – was Speaker of the
House and a leading advocate of this
new economic nationalism. He called
this federal program the American
System. He wanted the government to
build new roads and canals.
He also favored a National Bank, in
1816, Congress established the second
Bank of the United States.
John Marshall and the Supreme Court
Served as Chief
Justice from 1801 to
1835 and during this
time the court favored
a strong federal
government and
national economy.
Major Court Cases under Marshall
•Marbury v. Madison (1803) – Judicial review
•Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) and Fletcher v. Peck
(1810) limited a state government’s power to interfere in
business contracts.
•McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – federal law was superior to
state law. Dealt with the Second Bank of the United States.
•Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – ruled that steamboat traffic was
commerce and that the federal government controlled interstate
commerce.
Monroe Doctrine
In 1823, Monroe issued a written doctrine declaring that
Europeans Monarchies had no business meddling with American
republics. In return, the United States promised to stay out of
European affairs.
Nationalism Influences Foreign Affairs
John Quincy Adams – Secretary of State under James
Monroe.They wanted to reduce national tensions by promoting
national expansion.
Adams-Onis Treaty – ended Spanish claims in the Northwest
Territory, After this Treaty, Americans began to settle Florida and
purse the fur trade in Oregon.
Missouri Compromise
Missouri wanted to be admitted to the Union as a slave state. The
North was concerned because this would give the South more
regional power in the Senate. Henry Clay proposed the Missouri
Compromise, Missouri would enter in as a slave state and Maine
would enter in as a free state. They also drew a line along the
continent.
Age of Jackson
John Quincy Adams
William Crawford
Election of 1824
Monroe was retiring
after two terms and it
became a four –way
race for the presidency.
All four were
Democratic
Republicans.
Henry Clay
Andrew Jackson
For the second time in U.S. history the
House of Representatives had to pick the
president. Jackson had more popular
votes but neither had won a majority of
the electoral vote. Clay through his
support behind Adams and the House
chose Adams.
•Jackson criticized Adams presidency and began campaigning for
the 1828 election. Jackson did well in the south and west but not
in the northeast. New York’s Martin Van Buren began working
behind the scenes to get support for Jackson.
•This also led to about three-fourths of the states to re-write their
constitutions. Caucuses were replaced by public conventions.
Jacksonian Democracy
•Jackson believed in majority rule and the dignity of the common
people. He came from humble beginnings, which was in contrast
to the past presidents.
•Election of 1828 – Jackson supporters called themselves
Democrats instead of Democratic Republicans. He won the
election with 56% of the popular vote and three-fourths of the
electoral vote.
•The new party rewarded the faithful with government jobs.
Critics denounced the use of political jobs as a reward for party
loyalty. They called this the spoils system.
•Jackson was very popular in the south (80%). The South wanted
60,000 American Indians removed from the region. The Native
Americans turned to the Supreme Court (John Marshall) for help and
they found in favor of the Native Americans. This angered Jackson
and he even called out Marshall about the decision.
Indian Removal Act of 1830 – sought to peaceable negotiate the
exchange of American Indian lands in the South for new lands in
the Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma).
Trail of Tears – In 1838, U.S.
soldiers forced 16,000 Cherokees to
walk from their lands in the
Southeast to Oklahoma. 4,000
Cherokees died of disease,
exposure, and hunger.
Constitutional Disputes and Crises
•The North favored tariffs, but the South did not support them.
•Tariff of Abominations – designed by members of Congress not
only to promote American industry but to embarrass President
Adams and ensure a Jackson victory.
•John C. Calhoun was Jackson’s
Vice President and opposed the tariff. He
supported nullification, which meant that
states could nullify, or void, any federal law
deemed unconstitutional.
South Carolina nullified the
tariff and the collection of tariff
duties. They threatened to
secede from the union and
Calhoun resigned as Vice
President.
Daniel Webster became the great
champion of nationalism. Secession
had been postpones rather than
resolved.
The Bank War
•Andrew Jackson did not support the Second Bank of the United
States, which had been chartered in 1816. However, the Bank
had many supporters in Congress and they renewed it’s charter in
1832, but Jackson vetoed the renewal.
•Led by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, the Banks friends
formed a new political party named the Whigs. They wanted a
strong federal government to manage the economy. This reestablished a two-party system.
Martin Van Buren wins
the election of 1836.
He was Jackson’s pick
to replace him.
William Henry Harrison
wins the election of 1840.
The first Whig President,
he died a month after
taking office of
Pneumonia.