Transcript u.s._chapter_7_notes

Nationalism and Sectionalism
Chapter 7
Transportation Revolution
• At the start of the 19th century, transportation
consisted of carts, wagons, sleighs and
stagecoaches pulled by horses and oxen over
dirt roads.
• Shipping goods a few miles this way could cost
as much as moving cargo across the ocean.
• Some states started using turnpikes, roads for
which users had to pay a toll.
Transportation Revolution
• Most turnpikes failed to make any or very
much money.
• The only decent route in the country was the
National Road, a turnpike made of crushed
rock.
• The National Road extended from Maryland to
the Ohio River in present day West Virginia in
1818.
Transportation Revolution
• The development of the steamboat was a
major advancement in transportation.
• These vessels boiled water to create steam.
• Robert Fulton designed the first commercially
successful steamboat … the Clermont.
• Before the steamboat, it took four months to
travel 1,400 miles from New Orleans to
Louisville. In 1820, it took only 20 days. In
1838, it took only six days.
River Transportation
• The number of steamboats grew from 230 in
1834 to nearly 700 in 1843.
• By 1850, steamships could cross the Atlantic
Ocean in 10 to 14 days, compared to 25 to 50
days for a ship that sailed.
Canals
• The nation’s canal network grew from 100
total miles in 1816 to 3,300 miles in 1840.
• The best-known early canal was the Erie
Canal, which ran 363 miles across New York
State from Lake Erie to the Hudson River.
• Using the Erie Canal, it cost only $4 to ship a
ton of freight instead of $100 or more as it
previously did.
Canals
• The Erie Canal helped make New York City the
nation’s greatest commercial center because it
was easier to ship goods to other parts of the
United States.
• NYC’s population grew from 124,000 in 1820
to 800,000 in 1860.
Railroads
• Steam-powered engines could pull heavier
loads of freight or passengers at higher speeds
than horses could manage.
• Railroads cost less than to build compared to
canals and could go up hills.
• The U.S. rail network went from 13 total miles
in 1830 to 31,000 miles in 1860. A trip from
NYC to Detroit by boat took 28 days. A train
trip took 2 days.
Industrial Revolution
• Developments in technology also transformed
manufacturing.
• Samuel Slater was a British skilled worker who
moved to the U.S. and used his knowledge of
the textile machinery to build the nation’s first
water-powered textile mill in 1793 in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
• Entire families worked in these mills.
Industrial Revolution
• Francis Cabot Lowell was a Boston merchant
who in 1813, built the first mill in which all
operations in the manufacture of cloth
occurred.
• More of these factories were built and a new
town called Lowell was established. Workers
were often called the Lowell girls.
Benefits of Factory Work
• Machines increased the pace of work
• Machines divided labor into many small tasks
• Reduced the amount of skills and training
needed
• Untrained workers were more numerous and
cost less to employ
• Some workers made as much as $1 per week.
Inventions Take Hold
• Interchangeable parts – Parts that could be
used in place of one another
• Eli Whitney was an advocate of
interchangeable parts.
• Whitney proposed making muskets in a new
way by manufacturing each part separately
and precisely.
• A part in one musket would work for another.
Electric Telegraph
• Invented by Samuel F.B. Morse
• Allowed electrical pulses to travel long
distances along metal wires as coded signals.
• By 1860, the nation had 50,000 miles of
telegraph lines.
• Messages could be delivered instantly.
Agricultural Advancements
• In 1815, American farmers sold only about a
third of their harvests.
• By 1860, that amount had doubled.
• John Deere invented the steel plow
• Cyrus McCormick invented the mechanical
reaper.
The Spread of Industry
• After British manufactured goods were
embargoed, American factories began to be
built in the Northeast.
• After the War of 1812, British goods began to
be imported again into the U.S.
• Congress passed the Tariff of 1816 to protect
American industry.
Tariff of 1816
• Increased the price of imported manufactured
goods by an average of 20 to 25 percent.
• Encouraged Americans to buy products made
in the U.S.
Factories in the Northeast
• Reasons for emergence of factories in the
Northeast:
– Greater access to capital, or the money needed to
build the factories
– More cheap labor available to work in the
factories.
– Northeast had many swiftly flowing rivers to
provide water power
Social Change in the North
• The increase in industry hurt the chances of
artisans, or skilled workers, or getting a job.
• Examples of artisan jobs were blacksmiths,
shoemakers and tailors.
• The Workingmen’s Party was formed in 1820
to seek free public education and laws to
reduce the working day from 12 to 10 hours.
Labor Unions
• Labor unions were organized to seek better
pay and conditions.
• Some examples of desires by labor unions
included higher wages, reduction in hours and
improved conditions.
• Some times companies and businesses were
able to make claims against workers for
forming a union or joining a union.
The Middle Class
• The rise in industry helped form the middle
class.
• The middle class stood above the working
class of common laborers but below the upper
class of wealthy business owners.
• Examples were bankers, lawyers, accountants,
clerks, auctioneers, brokers and retailers.
• They used worked in offices outside of the
home.
Immigrants
• During the 1840s, most of the middle class
was born in the U.S.
• The working class started to be made of
mostly of immigrants … people arriving in the
U.S. from other countries.
• Most of the immigrants tended to be Catholic
or Jewish.
• In 1860, immigrants made up more than 40
percent of the population of New York City.
Immigration
• Social and political strains resulted from
immigration.
• Immigrants competed with naturally born U.S.
citizens for jobs.
• Immigrants often worked for lower wages
than U.S. citizens.
• Nativists campaigned for laws to discourage
immigration or to deny them political rights.
The Cotton Boom
• Three developments boosted cotton
production:
– The cotton gin
– Western expansion
– Industrialization
The Cotton Gin
• Developed in 1793 by Eli Whitney
• Reduced the amount of time to make cotton
• Reduced the cost of separating the cotton
sides from the white fiber
• More states started to grow cotton
• By 1840, southern plantations produced 60
percent of the cotton used by American and
European factories
Economic Consequences of Cotton
• Limited regional development
• Much of the South became too dependent on
cotton
• A dependence on cotton meant the South
missed out on other industrial opportunities
• Led to a reliance on slavery
Cultural Consequences of Cotton
• Plantation owners cared little about providing
educational opportunities for slaves.
• The rate of southern white illiteracy was 15
percent, three times higher than in the North
and West.
• Slaveholders were a minority with only one
fourth of white men holding slaves in 1860.
Nationalism
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A belief in the country you live in.
A glorification of the nation.
Sometimes overemphasized.
A mindset that prevailed in the United States
after James Monroe beat John Quincy Adams
in the 1820 presidential election.
Economic Nationalism
• Economic policies were changed to promote
the growth of the nation.
• Democratic Republicans now supported
agriculture and favored tax-free trade.
• Henry Clay was a big advocate of economic
nationalism.
American System
• Henry Clay regarded economic nationalism as
a larger federal program called the American
System.
• Clay worked hard to link the Eastern United
States with the Midwest and get everyone
similar opportunities.
• Also favored the re-establishment of a
national bank … the Bank of the United States.
Would control the nation’s money supply.
Marshall Rulings
• John Marshall served as Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835.
• Ruled that federal law was superior to state
law in McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819. A
Maryland law had tried to levy a tax on the
operations of the U.S. Bank.
• Rejected a steamboat monoply in New York
state in Gibbons v. Ogden in 1824. Ruled that
steamboat trade was commerce.
Economic Hardships
• Three great panics in 1819, 1837 and 1857.
• Thousands of factory workers lost their jobs.
• Hurt farmers and planters as the demand
declined for their crops.
John Quincy Adams
• Secretary of State under Monroe
• Son of John Adams
• Tried to promote national expansion in the
hopes that it would reduce regional tensions.
• Key foreign diplomat. Encouraged Spain to sell
Florida. The First Seminole War in 1817
prompted Spain to sell Florida.
• Adams-Onis Treaty ended Spain’s claims to
Oregon.
The Monroe Doctrine
• Many European countries ruled lands in Latin
America, which put them in close proximity to
the United States.
• Monroe declared that European monarchies
had no business meddling in American affairs.
• Formulated by John Quincy Adams.
• Reflected the United States’ growing desire for
power.
Missouri Compromise
• Crafted by Henry Clay in 1820.
• Maine would enter the United States as a free
state, while Missouri would enter as a slave
state.
• A line, known as the 36-30 line, was drawn
from the southwest corner of Missouri
westward to the west boundary of the United
States.
Missouri Compromise
• States admitted to the United States that were
south of the 36-30 line could be slave states.
• States admitted to the United States that were
north of the 360-30 line would be free states.
• Ultimately divided the nation over the
concept of slavery.
The Election of 1824
• Monroe announced he would not announce a
third term as President.
• Democratic-Republicans were emerging as the
prominent political party.
• Candidates were John Quincy Adams, Georgia
congressman William Crawford, Andrew
Jackson and Henry Clay.
Adams’ Presidency
• Jackson won more popular votes than Adams,
who ran the strongest in the Northeast.
• For the first time in 1800, the House of
Representatives had to determine the
outcome of a political election.
• Clay gave his support to Adams and was later
appointed as Secretary of State.
• Jackson thought this was very corrupt and
thought Clay bought his way to an office. This
was known as the spoils system.
Jackson Prepares to be President
• Andrew Jackson criticized John Quincy Adams.
• To get ready for the election, Jackson relied on
Martin Van Buren from New York.
• Every state but South Carolina chose the
president based on the popular vote.
• Voting was limited to the white man.
Jacksonian Democracy
• This began to sweep the nation.
• Jackson was symbolic that anyone could
achieve their dreams.
• In 1828, Jackson’s supporters were known as
Democrats. Adams’ supporters remained
Democratic Republicans.
• Jackson defeated Adams with 56 percent of
the popular vote and two-thirds of the
electoral vote.
The U.S. under Jackson
• Promised the nation would return to
Jeffersonian principles … strong states and a
weak federal government that would not
interfere with slavery.
• The Democratic party rewarded the faithful
with government jobs.
Native American Removal
• Native Indians, or Indians, began to be
removed from the Southern states and moved
to the west.
• There were 60,000 Native Americans involved
in this move in five tribes:
– Cherokee
– Chickasaw
– Creek
-- Choctaw
-- Seminole
Native American Removal
• Many states were found guilty of violating
laws removing the Native Americans.
• In Worcester v. Georgia, the Supreme Court
ruled that Georgia’s land seizure was
unconstitutional. The federal government had
a need to help the Indians keep their lands.
Native American Removal
• Jackson urged Congress to pass the Indian
Removal of 1830, which sought to peacefully
negotiate new lands for the Indians in the
Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma).
• The Trail of Tears was named in 1838 when
16,000 Cherokees were forced by U.S. soldiers
to march from the Southeast to Indian
Territory.
The Nullification Crisis
• Tariff of Abominations
– Adopted by Congress in 1828.
– Intended to promote American industry.
– Embarrassed John Quincy Adams.
– Adams signed the tariff but it helped defeated him
in 1828.
Nullification
• John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was
Jackson’s Vice-President.
• Calhoun opposed the Tariff of Abominations.
• Calhoun had been a strong nationalist until
the Missouri Compromise. Believed the future
of slavery depended on strong states rights.
• He supported nullification, meaning most
states could nullify or void any federal law that
seemed to be unconstitutional.
Nullification
• South Carolina nullified the protective tariff.
• Threatened to secede, or leave, from the
Union if the federal government objected.
• As a result, Calhoun resigned as Vice President
and became a senator.
• Daniel Webster of Massachusetts championed
nationalism. He defined the Union as the
creation of the American people rather than
of the states.
Nullification
• Congress ultimately reduced the tariff.
• This helped reduce South Carolina’s militancy
toward the situation.
• South Carolina’s stance toward nullification
was eventually suspended.
The Second Bank of the U.S.
• Created by Congress in 1816.
• Especially disliked by Jacksonian Democrats.
• Saw it as very dangerous, even corrupt, and it
favored rich investors.
• Many business leaders favored the Bank of the
U.S. because they believed it favored
economic growth by providing a stable
currency.
The Second Bank of the U.S.
• Jackson vetoed the renewal in 1832.
• Felt it was dangerous to the liberties of the
people.
• As a result, supporters of the Bank formed a
new political party called the Whigs.
• Henry Clay and Daniel Webster formed the
Whig party.
The Whig Party
• The Whigs were nationalists who wanted a
strong federal government to manage the
economy.
• They favored the American System of tariffs,
internal improvements and a national bank.
• Emerged as a political party for nearly two
decades.
The Whig Party
• Nominated Henry Clay to run for president in
1832. He was defeated by Jackson in a
landslide.
• Secretary of the Treasury Roger B. Taney
helped Jackson undermine the Bank of the
United States.
• When John Marshall died in 1835, Taney
became the new chief justice of the Supreme
Court.
The Panic of 1837
• Andrew Jackson did not run for re-election to
a third term in 1836. Martin Van Buren won
the election.
• In 1837, the economy suffered a severe panic.
Jackson had decided to stop accepting paper
money for the purchase of federal land.
• One out of three urban workers lost their jobs.
Many more saw their wages cut by 30
percent.
The Whig Party Tastes Victory
• The Whigs persuaded voters that Van Buren
was ineffective.
• Whig candidate William Henry Harrison was
elected in 1840.
• Harrison died of pneumonia after only a
month in office and Vice-President John Tyler
took over.
• Tyler rejected many of the Whigs’ policies.