Transcript An Expanding Nation

An Expanding Nation
A New American Economy and Further National Development
Treaty of Ghent
• The treaty restored relations between the two nations to status quo
ante bellum, restoring the borders of the two countries to …
• Signed Christmas Eve 1814- declared an armistice (end fighting)
• Didn’t address ??
• Unknown to Jackson, British and American diplomats had signed a
peace treaty, before battle of New Orleans
• Led by General Andrew Jackson
• Troops defeated the
• Fighting ended after this battle
The War’s Aftermath
• The war confirmed the ability of a Republican government to conduct a
war without surrendering its institutions.
• The war also strengthened a growing sense of nationalism
• A casualty of the war was the Federalist Party.
•
•
•
•
Hartford Convention
A Federalist convention where New England’s grievances were discussed
Opposed the War of 1812
Wanted to repeal 3/5 compromise, require 2/3 majority for declaration of war and to
admit new states, limit the Pres to one term and bar long-term embargos.
• Even considered secession.
• However, weeks after the convention's end, news victory in New arrived discrediting
and disgracing the Federalists, who then disbanded in most places.
A New Economy
You stole my idea
Madison!!!
• The American System:
• A new manufacturing sector emerged from the War of 1812, and
many believed that it was a necessary complement to the ...
• In 1815, President James Madison put forward a blueprint for
government-promoted economic development that came to be
known as the American System.
• New national bank
• Tariffs
• Federal financing for better roads and canals (“internal
improvements”)
A New Economy
• The Rise of the West:
• Improvements in transportation and communication made possible
the rise of the West
• People traveled in groups and cooperated with each other to clear
land, build houses and barns, and establish communities.
• Squatters set up farms on unoccupied land.
• Many Americans settled without regard to ...
• The Unfree Westward Movement
• Extension of slavery
• Slave trading became a well-organized business.
A New Economy
• The Cotton Kingdom
• The market revolution and westward expansion heightened the
nation’s sectional divisions.
• The rise of cotton production came with Eli Whitney’s cotton gin.
• The cotton gin revolutionized American slavery.
• Cotton became the nation’s most
important export
A New Economy
• Banks and Money:
• The Second BUS was a profit-making corporation that served the
government.
• Local banks promoted ...
• Local banks printed money.
• The value of paper currency ?
• The Bank of the United States was supposed to prevent the over issuance of
money.
Internal Improvements
• Improvements in transportation lowered costs and linked farmers ...
• Improved water transportation most dramatically increased the speed
and lowered the expense of commerce.
• The Erie Canal
• connected the Great Lakes region of the Northwest to the Atlantic Ocean.
• The canal was completed in 1825 and made New York City a major trade port.
Internal Improvements
• Railroads and the Telegraph
• Railroads opened the frontier to settlement and linked markets.
• The telegraph introduced a communication revolution.
• The Information Revolution
• Steam power helped the proliferation of the penny press.
• Reduction in printing costs also resulted in alternative newspapers.
Market Society
• Commercial Farmers
• The Northwest became a region with an integrated economy of
commercial farms and manufacturing cities.
• Farmers grew crops and raised livestock for sale.
• The East provided a source of credit and a market.
• Between 1840 and 1860, America’s output of wheat nearly tripled.
• John Deere’s steel plow
• Cyrus McCormick’s reaper
Market Society
• The Growth of Cities
• Expansion of many cities (particularly where?) were a result of the
continued industrialization of American society
• Cities formed part of the western frontier.
• Cincinnati
• Chicago
• The nature of work shifted from that of the skilled artisan to that of
the factory worker.
Market Society
• The Factory System
• Samuel Slater established America’s first factory in 1790.
• It was based on an outwork system.
• The first large-scale American factory was constructed in 1814 at
Waltham, Massachusetts.
• Lowell
• The American System of manufactures relied on the mass production
of interchangeable parts that could be rapidly assembled into
standardized, finished products.
• The South lagged in factory production.
Market Society
• Changes in lifestyle due to industrialization:
• The Industrial Worker
• Working for an hourly or daily wage seemed to violate independence.
• The “Mill Girls”
• Early New England textile mills largely relied on female and child labor.
• Liberty and Prosperity
• Official imagery linked the goddess of liberty ever more closely to emblems of
material wealth.
• Opportunities for the self-made man abounded.
• The market revolution produced a new middle class.
Market Society
• Race and Opportunity
• Free blacks were excluded from the new economic opportunities.
• Barred from schools and other public facilities, free blacks
laboriously constructed their own institutional life.
• African Methodist Episcopal Church
• Free blacks were confined to the lowest ranks of the labor market.
• Free blacks were not allowed access to public land in the West.
Market Society
• Women and Work:
• Only low-paying jobs were available to women.
• Such as?
• Not having to work outside the home became a badge of respectability
for women.
• Although middle-class women did not work outside the home, they did
much work as wives and mothers.
• Cult of Domesticity:
• Women’s work was in the home (raising children-”virtuous citizens”
and keeping up the house)
• This concept applied to ALL women (even working class and the
poor)
Market Society
• The Early Labor Movement
• Some felt the market revolution reduced their freedom.
• Economic swings widened the gap between classes.
• Labor movement first emerged in urban centers
• The first Workingman’s Parties were established in the 1820s.
• By the 1830s strikes had become commonplace.
• Wage workers evoked “liberty” when calling for improvements in the
workplace.
• Some described wage labor as the very essence of slavery.
• Economic security formed an essential part of American freedom.
The Panic of 1819
• The Bank of the United States participated in a
speculative fever that swept the country after the War
of 1812 ended.
• Early in 1819, as European demand for American farm
products returned to normal levels, the economic
bubble burst.
• The Panic announced the transition of the nation from
its colonial commercial status with Europe …
The Panic of 1819
• The Politics of the Panic
• The Panic of 1819 disrupted the political harmony of the
previous years.
• Americans continued to distrust?
• The Supreme Court ruled in McCulloch v. Maryland that the
Bank of the United States was constitutional.
• Maryland could not tax the bank.
• Cemented Federal law as supreme (Constitution the law of the
land)
The Missouri Controversy
• James Monroe’s two terms as president were characterized by the
absence of two-party competition (“The Era of Good Feelings”).
• The absence of political party disputes was replaced by ...
• Missouri petitioned for statehood in 1819.
• Debate arose over slavery
• The Missouri Compromise was adopted by Congress in 1820.
• Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state and, to maintain sectional
balance, Maine was admitted as a free state.
The Missouri Controversy
• Congress also prohibited slavery north of the 36° 30’ latitude in
remaining Louisiana Purchase territory.
• Henry Clay engineered a second Missouri Compromise to deal with
Missouri’s barring of free blacks (1821).
• The Slavery Question:
• Northern Republicans did not want slavery to expand for political
reasons.
• The Missouri debate highlighted that the westward expansion of
slavery was a passionate topic that might prove …
The Spread of Independence
• The United States and the Latin American Wars of Independence:
• Between 1810 and 1822, Spain’s Latin American colonies rose in
rebellion and established a series of independent nations.
• In 1822, the Monroe administration became the first government to
extend diplomatic recognition to the new Latin American
republics.
• In some ways, Latin American constitutions were more
democratic than the U.S. Constitution.
• Allowed Indians and free blacks to vote
Discussion Question
• Why was it that Latin American nations began to obtain their
independence during 1810-1820s? What took so long??
The Spread of Independence
• The Monroe Doctrine:
• Fearing that Spain would try to regain its colonies, Secretary
of State John Quincy Adams drafted the Monroe Doctrine.
• No new European colonization of the New World.
• The United States would abstain from European wars.
• Europeans should not interfere with new Latin American republics.
• Latin America = US’s backyard (we’re imperialists here!!)
The Election of 1824
• Andrew Jackson was the only candidate in the 1824 election to have
national appeal.
• None of the four candidates received a majority of the electoral
votes.
• The election fell to the House of Representatives.
• Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams.
• Clay’s “corrupt bargain” gave Adams the White House.
• Clay gave his support to John Quincy Adams, and was then selected to be his
Secretary of State.
• This PISSED Jackson Off (not a good idea)
John Quincy Adams Presidency
• John Quincy Adams enjoyed one of the most distinguished prepresidential careers of any American president.
• Adams had a clear vision of national greatness.
• Supported the American system
• Wished to enhance American influence where?
• Adams held a view of federal power far more expansive than most of
his contemporaries.
• His plans alarmed many, and his vision would not be fulfilled until ?
The Democratic Party
• Martin Van Buren and the Democratic Party
• Adams’s political rivals emphasized:
•
•
•
•
Individual liberty
States’ rights
Limited government
Who does this sound like???
• Martin Van Buren viewed political party competition as a necessary
and positive influence to achieve national unity.
• By 1828, Van Buren had established the political apparatus of the
Democratic Party.
The Election of 1828
• Andrew Jackson campaigned against John Quincy
Adams in 1828.
• Though he had been persuaded in 1824 to run (he was not very
enthusiastic about running), the loss in that election and the
“Corrupt Bargen” galvanized Jackson and caused him to run again.
• A far higher percentage of the eligible electorate voted in
1828 than before, and Jackson won a resounding victory.
The Age of Jackson
• The Party System
• Politics had become??
• Party machines emerged.
• Spoils system
• National conventions chose candidates.
• Democrats (small Gov’t) and Whigs (Activist Gov’t) differed on issues that emerged
from the market revolution.
• Democrats supported:
• Reduced expenditures
• Reduced tariffs
• Abolished the national bank
• Democrats favored no government intervention in the economy.
• Whigs supported government promotion of economic development through the
American System.
Spoils System
Expansion of Democracy
•
•
•
•
•
Property and Democracy
By 1860, all but one state had eliminated ...
Much of the extension in voting rights can be attributed to policies of the …
By 1840, more than 90 percent of adult white men were eligible to vote.
Democratic political institutions came to define the nation’s sense of its
own identity.
• Tocqueville identified democracy as an essential attribute of ...
• The term “citizen” in America had become synonymous with the right to
vote.
The Limits of Democracy
• As with the market revolution, women and blacks were barred from
full democracy.
• They were denied on the basis of their alleged ...
• A Racial Democracy
• Despite increased democracy in America, blacks were seen as a distinct group.
• Blacks were often portrayed as stereotypes.
• Blacks were not allowed to vote in most states.
• Race and Class
• In effect, race had replaced class as the boundary that separated those American
men who were entitled to enjoy political freedom from those who were not.
Nullification Crisis
• Jackson’s first term was dominated by a battle to uphold the
supremacy … over ....
• Tariff of 1828- Tariff of Abominations!!
• Greatly affected Southern economy.
• Who? led the charge for a weakened federal government in
part from fear that a strong federal government might ...
• The threat of Nullification emerged in the early 1830s over
tariffs (particularly the tariff of Abominations!)
Nullification Crisis
• John C. Calhoun emerged as the leading theorist of nullification.
• Jackson considered nullification an act ...
• When South Carolina nullified the tariff in 1832, Jackson responded
with the Force Act.
• Authorized the Federal government (Jackson in particular) to use the army
and navy to collect customs duties.
• A compromise tariff (1833) resolved the crisis.
• Calhoun left the Democratic Party for the Whigs.
Indian Removal
• The expansion of cotton and slavery led to forced ...
• Indian Removal Act of 1830- authorized the use of federal
funds for uprooting Indigenous tribes in the South
• Five Civilized Tribes- Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and
Seminole were facing forced removal.
• The law marked a repudiation of the Jeffersonian idea that
civilized Indians could be assimilated into the American
population.
Indian Removal
• The Supreme Court and the Indians:
• The Cherokees went to court to protect their rights.
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia- ruling labeled natives as “wards” of the government, not
citizens.
• Worcester v. Georgia- Marshall claimed that the tribes were an independent nation
that must be dealt with by the federal government. Therefore, Georgia’s actions
violated the Cherokees’ treaties with Washington.
• John Ross led Cherokee resistance.
• Trail of Tears- the resistance was to be passive (tribes refused to leave), so
federal troops forced them out.
• The Seminoles fought a war against removal (1835–1842).
• William Apess (a native) appealed for harmony between white Americans
and Natives.
The Bank War
• Biddle’s Bank:
• The Bank of the United States symbolized the hopes and fears
inspired by the market revolution.
• Jackson distrusted bankers as “non-producers.”
• The Bank, under its president Nicholas Biddle, wielded great power.
• Using language resonating with popular values, Jackson …renew the
Bank’s charter.
The Bank War
• The Pet Banks and the Economy:
• Both soft-money advocates (associated with state banks) and hardmoney advocates ...
• Jackson authorized the removal of federal funds from the vaults of
the national bank and their deposit in state or “pet” banks.
• Partly because the Bank of the United States had lost the ability to
regulate the currency effectively, prices rose dramatically while real
wages declined.
• Led to…
The Panic of 1837
• By 1836, the American government and the Bank of
England required gold or silver for payments.
• With cotton exports declining, the United States
suffered a panic in 1837 and a depression until 1843.
The Emerging Sectional Crisis
• This time period was characterized by frequent conflicts between
North and South, largely revolving around the ...
• These conflicts would continue to be exacerbated throughout the
coming decades, particularly once America entered war with Mexico
and acquired ...
• The issue of slavery and what to do with the newly acquired territory
will define the late 1840s up through the start of the Civil War.