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European Colonization of
the Americas
Spanish Explorers and
Colonies in the Americas
Spanish Empire
Motives for conquering and colonizing:
– God
– Gold
– Glory
Conquistadors or conquerors were sent to
take land for Spain.
Major Explorers for Spain
– Juan Ponce de Leon (Early 1500s)
Explored and named present day Florida while
in search of the “fountain of youth”
– Vasco Nunez de Balboa (1513)
Explored the isthmus of Panama and became
the first European to see the Pacific Ocean
from the new world
– Ferdinand Magellan (1519)
The crew went 99 days without fresh food or
water. The crew nearly starved and was forced
to eat leather.
Magellan was killed in the Philippine Islands.
After a three year voyage his crew became the
first to circumnavigate the the earth.
Juan Ponce de Leon
Vasco Nunez de
Balboa
Ferdinand Magellan
Hernan Cortes
– 1519 he was sent by the Spanish governor of
Cuba to conquer the Aztecs.
– The Aztec Capital Tenochtitlan had 250,000
people. (Present day Mexico City)
– Cortes will form alliances with the enemies of
the Aztecs and will destroy them by 1521.
Francisco Pizarro
– Pizarro will set out to conquer the Inca
Empire.
– The Inca will hold out longer, but the Spanish
will slowly destroy them.
Francisco Pizarro
Controlling the new Empire
Settlement and Economy
– The Spanish established permanent
settlements called colonies.
– The colonies made Spain wealthy by mining
and farming.
– Indians were forced to work for the Spaniards
in return for the Spaniards ensuring their wellbeings (encomienda system)
Northward Expansion--the Spanish
began to explore North America
– Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
Searched southwestern US for the fabled
golden cities.
Never found them.
– Hernan de Soto
Also searched for the golden cities
Explored Florida, Alabama, Tennessee,
Mississippi, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.
First to cross the Mississippi River.
Died in Louisiana in 1542 of a fever.
Francisco
Vasquez de
Coronado
Hernan de Soto
Defending the new North America
Claims
– The newer lands were not as great a
source of wealth.
– The Spanish established settlements with
presidios (forts) to defend the old and new
claims natives and other Europeans.
1565 Spain established St. Augustine Florida
(the oldest city in North America)
Resistance to the Spanish
Native Americans resisted the Spanish
– Apache of the Southwest refused to
cooperate.
– Pueblo Revolt of 1680--Pueblo of New Mexico
rebelled and drove the Spanish out of Santa
Fe.
Built in 1619, this
mission church was
destroyed in the Great
Pueblo Revolt in 1680
and rebuilt in 1706
The English: Jamestown
English Explorers
The English looked for a Northwest
Passage to the Indies.
John Cabot
– First to explore for the English;
– Explored modern day Newfoundland.
Sir Martin Frobisher and John Davis
– Both unsuccessfully searched for the
passage.
John Cabot
Sir Martin
Frobisher
Henry Hudson
– Explored day New York;
– Hudson River is named after him.
English Privateers
– Ships secretly hired by Queen Elizabeth I to
raid Spanish ships.
– Sir Francis Drake was the most famous of
these “sea dogs”
Henry Hudson
Sir Francis Drake
Roanoke
Reasons for English settlement:
– Privateers wanted a base for attack in the
Americas;
– Explorers searching for the NW Passage
needed supply stations;
– Merchants needed new markets;
– Many believed England was becoming too
crowded.
Roanoke Fails
– Sir Walter Raleigh tried to settle Roanoke
Island twice
The first time the settlers quit and returned home.
The second attempt ended in mystery. All the
settlers disappeared.
Jamestown
1607--Jamestown was settled under a
charter by the joint stock company named
the Virginia Company.
The colony nearly failed:
– Settlers weren’t used to hard work;
– Many ignored daily tasks to search for gold;
– Mosquitoes spread disease;
– Attacks from Native Americans;
– Poor leadership in the colony.
John Smith
– Arose as a leader in early 1608;
– “. . . He that will not work shall not eat . . .;”
– 1609-1610 was a difficult time called the
“Starving time;”
Colonial Government
– Royal Governor
– House of Burgesses--first legislative assembly
in the new world.
John Smith
Tobacco
1613 Jamestown Colonist John Rolfe sent
some tobacco to Europe.
Europeans loved it and demand grew.
The cash crop helped save Virginia.
Many European farmers who’d lost their
land in the enclosure movement moved to
the new world to raise this and other cash
crops.
Bacon’s Rebellion
1676 Nathaniel Bacon formed an army to
attack Indians on the frontier.
He succeeded and then turned on the
Jamestown government.
Bacon’s force burned Jamestown and
controlled Virginia for a time until he died
from a sudden illness.
Nathaniel Bacon
The New England Colonies
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts,
Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine
The French in North America
The French will settle Canada and parts of
the northern US
– Giovanni da Verrazano
He claimed “New France” (Canada) for the French
– Samuel de Champlain
Founded First successful French colony in North
America in 1608
Discovered Lake Champlain
The Fur Trade
– The French began to sell American furs for
Great profit in Europe
Giovanni da Verrazano
Samuel de
Champlain
The Iroqouis
– Native Americans gathered furs to sell to
Europeans and became consumers of
European products.
– The Iroquois formed the Iroquois League to
stop fighting among themselves and to help
them dominate the fur trade
Plymouth
Founded as a result of religious conflict
– Puritans and Separatists who objected to the
Anglican church were persecuted in England.
– A separatist group known as the Pilgrims
decided to move to North America.
The Mayflower
– 1620--100 Pilgrims sailed to New England on
the Mayflower.
– Before leaving the ship they signed a self
government agreement called the Mayflower
Compact
The first winter was very hard and half of
them died.
The next summer a native named Squanto
helped them plant corn.
In the fall of 1621 the Pilgrims celebrated a
plentiful harvest with a feast of
thanksgiving.
Squanto
The Massachusetts Bay Colony
Founded in 1630 by Puritans seeking
religious tolerance
By 1643 the Great Migration had begun
and there were 16,000 colonist in
Massachusetts.
John Winthrop and others saw it as a
opportunity to create a pure society . . . a
“city on a hill” . . . that would be an
example to the world.
John Winthrop
Puritans sought to have well-ordered
families in well-ordered towns in a wellordered colony.
Salem Witch Trials:
– 1692 Several girls and young women accused
townspeople of being witches and filling them
with the devil.
– Chaos followed and trials were held to
determine who were witches.
– Neighbor turned on neighbor
– At least twenty men and women were
hanged.
Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth will
eventually be joined into one colony
named Massachusetts.
Other Puritan and Separatist
Colonies
Connecticut
– Founded by minister Thomas Hooker
New Hampshire
Maine
Rhode Island
– 1636 Founded by Roger Williams who was banished
from Massachusetts after a dispute with Puritan
authorities.
New Haven (eventually joined Connecticut)
Exeter (Eventually New Hampshire)
– 1638 Founded by John Wheelwright after a
religious dispute with Massachusetts Puritans
Indian Wars
Cause: The settlers were taking more and
more land from the Indians.
Pequot War
– 1637 Massachusetts Bay Colony sent an
army to attack the Pequot in response to
attacks on settlers.
– The Puritans will burn a Pequot fort with 500
people inside.
– The army then hunted down and killed the
rest of the Pequot.
King Phillip’s War (1675)
– Metacom king of the Alonquin of New England
was known by his English name, King Phillip.
– Metacom united Indian groups from Rhode
Island to Maine to drive out the colonists once
and for all.
– His force destroyed 17 English towns,
attacked 52 others, and killed 2,000 settlers.
– The English fought back and in 1676 caught
Metacom asleep and shot him as he awoke.
King Philip
Middle and Southern Colonies
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and
Delaware / Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia
The Dutch
The Dutch were the first to settle New
York. They named it New Amsterdam.
They built their main settlement on
Manhattan Island.
The Dutch traded furs and farmed the
Island.
Religious Tolerance was practiced
– First Jewish Synagogue in America.
The First Synagogue in America
England Takes New Amsterdam
– 1664 Charles II declared that all the Dutch
colonies belonged to his brother, the Duke of
York.
– He sent a fleet of four ships and 400 soldiers.
– The Dutch could not resist and surrendered
all of New Amsterdam and eventually all of
New Netherland.
– New Amsterdam was renamed New York.
Other Middle Colonies
New Jersey
– Originally part of New York, it was signed over
to two other English Nobleman.
Delaware
– 1638 Swedish settlers started the colony;
– The Dutch took it from the Swedish and later
the English controlled it.
Pennsylvania “Penn’s Woods”
– 1681 founded by William Penn, a Quaker
– Saw the colony as a “Holy Experiment”
– Practiced religious tolerance
– Believed that all people should be treated
equal both in society and government.
William Penn
The Southern Colonies
Maryland
– Founded by Lord Baltimore as a safe haven
for English Roman Catholics.
– Practiced religious tolerance.
– Prospered by growing tobacco
The Carolinas
– Founded in 1663, the colony was split into
North Carolina and South Carolina in 1691.
Georgia
– 1732 Founded by James Oglethorpe as a
have for prisoners who were jailed for not
paying their debts.