Transcript US Hist H
Unit 1: Origins of a New Nation Chapter 1—Many Cultures Meet Chapter 2—Europeans Establish Colonies Chapter 3—The American Colonies Take Shape Arrival of the first Americans • 10,000-40,000 years ago. • Crossed land bring connecting Siberia and Alaska. – Where is it now? – Why this bridge? • Spread in N & S Amer • 3 most advanced civilizations in Central and South America. – Inca • Peru and Ecuador – Mayan • Southern coach of Gulf of Mexico – Aztec • Mexico The Vikings • Came from Norway – 800-1000 AD • Eric the Red, Leif Ericson – True Blood anyone? • Why no credit? – No claims, little evidence. Reasons for European Exploration and Explores • Renaissance – More learning, new scientific techniques, ideas and instruments. • Religious Conflict, Crusades – Catholic victory – Spain – Protestant revolt – Northern Europe – Want more cool stuff • Dyes, silk, spices –OH MY! Reasons for European Exploration and Explores • Expanding trade – Marco…. Polo! • Influence, Merchant from Venice – Went to China, exciting descriptions!!! – Rise of Nation-States in Europe • Expansion of commerce • Don’t forget the 3 G’s.. – GOD, GOLD, GLORY! Follow the Leader • First.. Spain & Portugal. • Then… France & Holland. • Finally… Great Britain. Why did they come? • Portugal: water routes to India & Asia – Claimed colonies, ie: Brazil • FR: water routes, colonization • Spain: water routes, conquistadors – Fur trade around Great Lakes – Known as “coureurs de bois” – Friendly with Indians – Land, wealth, slaves – Colonies = sugar – Indian then African slaves • Britain - Upper hand in North American and set the stage for….. US! Who came? Portugal • Prince Henry the Navigator – Est. Nautical school – Water route to Asia • Made it to West Africa • Vasco de Gama – Sailed around Southern tip of Africa to India • Amerigo Vespucci – Italian; mapped coast of S. America. • Work used to map the “New World” Who came? Spain • Christopher Columbus – Italian; sent by Ferdinand & Isabella to Asia (didn’t quite make it) • 3 ships, 90 sailors, landed San Salvador 10/12/1492 • Balboa – Sailed to Panama; 1st European to see Pacific Who came? Spain • Ferdinand Magellan – Sailed around S. Amer tip (straight of Magellan) – Called Pacific “peaceful waters” – Sailed around the world • Hernando Cortes – Conquistador – Sailed to Mexico with Army – Destroyed Aztecs, claimed Mexico Hernan Cortes & Francisco Pizzaro • Hernan Cortes – Sent by Spanish Governor of Cuba to conquer the Aztec’s in Mexico. – Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico city) had 400,000 people there. – Aztec’s governed about 20 million people (twice the size of Spain’s) and Cortes could only gather 600 soldiers. – Cortes learned that the Aztecs conquered many Native Americans and were able to enlist the help of 200,000 Mexicans. – By 1521, Cortes had conquered one of the largest empires in the world. • Francisco Pizzaro – Conquered the Inca (what is now Peru) Control of the Spanish Empire • These new lands and people became… – Colonies: areas settled by immigrants who continue to be ruled by their parent country. • The Spanish became soooo rich! – Had enslaved Native Americans and Africans, mined silver and gold in Peru, established farms and ranches, etc. • Didn’t make Indians leave…forced them to become part of Spanish culture. – Because they all lived together…a new race emerged • Mestizo: Mix of Spanish and Native American. • "With my own eyes I saw Spaniards cut off the nose, hands and ears of Indians, male and female, without provocation, merely because it pleased them to do it. ... Likewise, I saw how they summoned the caciques and the chief rulers to come, assuring them safety, and when they peacefully came, they were taken captive and burned." "[The Spaniards] took babies from their mothers' breasts, grabbing them by the feet and smashing their heads againt rocks. ...They built a long gibbet, low enough for the toes to touch the ground and prevent strangling, and hanged thirteen [natives] at a time in honor of Christ Our Saviour and the twelve Apostles. ...Then, straw was wrapped around their torn bodies and they were burned alive." Who came? Spain • Ponce de Leon – Sought the fountain of youth – Claimed Florida • Land of Flowers • Spanish Empire caused inflation to rise in Europe – San Salvador, Mexico, Florida, etc. Who came? France • Jacques Cartier – Looking for Northwest Passage, explored St. Lawrence River • Samuel de Champlain – Founded colony of Quebec in 1608 • Robert LaSalle – Followed Mississippi River, claimed it – Named Louisiana after King Louis XIV • Great location! Who came? Britain • Sir Francis Drake – “Sea Dog”, sent by Queen Elizabeth I • Mission: pillage Spanish America and ships – Defeated Spanish Armada • Huuuge fleet 130 ships & 27,000 sailors – Ensured GB’s naval dominance in North Atlantic Others… • Henry Hudson – British but sailed for Dutch – Explored NY Harbor & settled New Amsterdam (later NY) • Had patroonships – feudal estates Important terms • Scurvy – Disease caused by lack of fresh fruit and vegs – Plagued sailors • Line of Demarcation – N/S line in Atlantic drawn by Pope – Catholic church to Christianize both sides of it • Encomienda system – Plantation system set up by Spanish in America • Grew sugar, used slave labor • Presidios – Forts built to protect Spanish settlements from Indians and other countries Now let’s talk about: The British Colonies 3 types of colonies • Joint stock – Have a charter from the King – Begun as a profitmaking venture – Owned and financed by various investors • Proprietary – Land in America given by the King to an individual as payment for a debt • Royal – Colony owned and operated/governed by the King Jamestown: England’s first permanent colony • Est. by the VA Comp. • 144 settlers came and settled on James River • No women • Only 4 carpenters Hardships for Jamestown • Diseases (Malaria) • Not used to hard work • Starvation – Dependent on supplies from GB and Natives • 1st year – only 38 survivors • 800 more came – only 60 survived “starving time” of winter 1609. – Ate rats, mice…. Even resorted to cannibalism Governing Jamestown • John Smith – Forceful leader • John Rolfe – Est. tobacco industry • Slavery introduced • Pocahontas – Rolfe’s wife – Helped with Indian relations Jamestown in peril • Tobacco – successfully cultivated – Slavery introduced, but… • VA Co. goes into debt – Charter is revoked – VA becomes first Royal Colony • Appointed a Governor – Sir William Berkeley • Berkeley – Policies favored large planters, antagonized backwoods farmers on VA’s western frontier • Burned to ground b/c Bacon’s Rebellion • Many settlers instead of buying land, tried to take it from the Indians. • In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon raised an army to fight the Indians. – Rebelled against Berkeley’s gov’t too • Governor declared him a rebel; gathered an army – Berkeley died of dysentery and rebels army collapsed • Bacon burned J-town. – He controlled VA, but died. Bacon’s Rebellion Importance of Bacon’s Rebellion • 1.) Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless/poor farmers • 2.) Colonial resistance to royal control Early VA characterized by: • • • • Growth of tidewater aristocracy Arrival of the cavaliers Misrule of Governor Berkeley Cultivation of tobacco The Roanoke Disaster • Walter Raleigh tried twice to start a colony on Roanoke Island (1580’s). – Along coast of North Carolina • 1st attempt – settlers facing starvation returned home • 2nd attempt – settlers disappeared • Were they defeated by the Indians…did they join them…no one knows. Plymouth Colony • Joint Stock • Jamestown est. for economic reasons, Plymouth est. by religious separatists • AKA: PURITANS • The PILGRIMS, came on the …. – MAYFLOWER (1620) • Signed: Mayflower Compact – First written governing doc. of our nation! • Laws made by majority; all would obey Plymouth Colony, cont. • ½ settlers died by Spring – Squanto & corn – Deep faith and determination helped them survive… • THANKSGIVING! • Leader: – William Bradford • Became part of Mass. Bay Colony. Massachusetts Bay Colony • Started as joint stock, 1630 • Many came b/c of GREAT MIGRATION • Home to many Puritans, “City on a Hill” – Wanted to purify Church of England • Under Calvinist leaders, became a theocracy (what’s that)? – Church is paramount in all decisions, political and religious. Mass Bay, cont. • Ironic - Religious intolerance – Banished if don’t agree • Dissident founded many other colonies • First English Colony to est. basis of representative gov’t – No ______ without ______! Other colonies: Connecticut • Joint stock • Founder: Thomas Hooker • Religion less imp. Than commerce • First to write a Constitution New Hamp & Maine. • New Hampshire & Maine: • 2 Englishmen given a gov’t grant to areas north of Mass., divided land • New Hampshire – Founder: John Wheelwright (expelled) – Joint stock, then royal • Maine – part of Mass Bay Colony until 1820. Other Colonies: Rhode Island • Joint Stock • Founder: Roger Williams – Banished from Mass b/c wanted sep. of church & state • Est. Providence (later RI) • Bought land from Indians! • Was unique: – Recognized rights of N. Americans and paid them for land – Complete religious toleration all allowed to come and worship • Religious refugees came – 1663, Parliament granted free religion charter Halfway Covenant • Mid 17th cent, a generation has gone by since first Puritans came to NE. • New generation seemed less committed to religion & more interested in $$$. • Halfway Covenant offered by some clergymen to those who professed limited religious commitment. • People could now participate without declaration their total belief in JC. New England Confederation • Plymouth, Mass Bay, Connecticut & New Haven – Formed a military alliance from threat of Natives. • Lasted until 1684 – Crown ended it. • Est. a precedent to take unified action against Natives. King Phillip’s War • Metacom (King Philip, in Eng.) leader of the Algonquin people. – United many tribes in Southern England against English settlers. • Vicious War (1675-76) – Thousands killed on both sides – Dozens towns/villages burned • English struck back. – Metacom was caught and killed – Head placed on display in Boston. • Significance: – Virtually ended Indian resistance in New England. New The Middle and Southern Colonies • Included: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. • In middle of the Atlantic coast of North America. • New York was very diverse Middle Colonies The Middle Colonies: New York • Est. by Dutch Joint Stock – Then GB Proprietary, became English colony through conquest • England & Holland in war over N.Amer fur trade • Duke of York given a fleet by brother King Charles II to capture New Netherland – Did in 1664; named for him after capture • Ethnically diverse area Middle Colonies: New Jersey & Delaware • New Jersey – Also Dutch Joint Stock then GB proprietary • Originally owned by Duke York too, gave it to other rich guys • Delaware – Proprietary – Started by Swedes, taken by Dutch, then taken by English. – Also owned by Duke of York, later purchased by William Penn • Scared Penn was land-locked Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania • Proprietary – William Penn given grant for settlement • Founded as sanctuary for Quakers – – – – Passive resistance Non-paid clergy Equality for women Simple meeting houses • Very democratic: – – – – No military service Anti-slavery No paid clergy No swearing oaths to King • Most successful and diverse of all 13 colonies: – Philly – “City of Brotherly Love” • Virginia, Maryland, Carolina’s, & Georgia • Maryland (Proprietary) – Refuge for Catholics by Lord Baltimore – Bicameral legislature est. – Religious probs b/t Cath and Christians – 1649: Maryland Toleration Acts • Freedom of worship for Christians Southern Colonies Southern Colonies: Carolina’s • Carolina’s (Proprietary) – Land reward for those who restored monarchy after English Civil War – Religious and political freedom… but – slavery? • Tobacco – Tarheels • Not indentured servitude • Proprietors had investments in slave trade – 1729 – Split in two • SC thought better than NC – Better harbors; grew sugar, rice & indigo Southern Colonies: Georgia • Proprietary – Started as a Penal colony by James Ogelthorpe • Rum, Catholics and Slaves – prohibited! – In the beginning… • Originally a haven for those who had been jailed in England b/c they couldn’t pay their debts.