Transcript Colony

Norton Media Library
Chapter 2
America:
A Narrative History
7th edition
by
George Brown Tindall
and David Emory Shi
Reasons for European
Migrations to the
Americas in the 17c
English Migration: 1610-1660
I.
English background to colonization
A. Unique features of English development
1. Mixtures of languages and religions
2. Safety of isolation
3. Fading of feudalism
4. Class structure
B. Government
1. Local self-rule
2. Power of Parliament
3. Common Law
C. The economy
1. Joint-stock companies
2. Population explosion
3. Migrations
I. English background to colonization
(cont’d)
D. The monarchy under the Stuarts
1. James I and “divine right”
2. Charles I and Parliament
3. Civil War
4. Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649–1660
5. Restoration of Charles II, 1660
6. Glorious Revolution of 1689
7. 1701 Act of Settlement
II. The early English colonies on the
Chesapeake
A. Patterns of English colonization
1. Expectation of stockholders
2. Example of Ireland
3. Migrants not settlers
II. The early English colonies on the
Chesapeake (cont’d)
B. Settlement of Virginia
1. Settlement at Jamestown, 1607
2. Roles of John Smith and Pocahontas
3. Powhatan Confederacy
4. Early difficulties
5. Importance of tobacco
6.Labor
7. General Assembly of Virginia House of Burgesses
8. Conflicts with Indians
9. Becomes a royal colony in 1624
10. Growth and stability under William Berkeley
Jamestown Fort &
Settlement Map
Captain John Smith:
The Right Man for the Job??
There was no talk…but dig gold, wash
gold, refine gold, load gold…
Pocahontas
Pocahontas “saves”
Captain John Smith
A 1616
engraving
John Rolfe
What finally made the colony prosperous??
Tobacco Plant
Virginia’s gold and silver.
-- John Rolfe, 1612
Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710
Why did tobacco prices decline so precipitously?
Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”
Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s
economy:
 Vital role in putting VA on a firm
economic footing.
 Ruinous to soil when continuously
planted.
 Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.
Tobacco promoted the use of the
plantation system.
 Need for cheap, abundant labor.
Indentured Servitude
Headright System:
 Each Virginian got 50 acres for
each person whose passage they
paid.
Indenture Contract:
 5-7 years.
 Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]
 Forbidden to marry.
 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their
indentured contracts!
Richard Frethorne’s
1623 Letter
In-Class Activity:
1. Describe the life of the indentured
servant as presented in this letter.
2. What are some of the problems he and
the other servants experienced?
3. What are their biggest fears?
4. What does a historian learn about life
in the 17c Chesapeake colony?
Why was 1619 a
pivotal year for
the Chesapeake
settlement?
Virginia
House of Burgesses
Growing Political Power
The House of Burgesses established
in 1619 & began to assume the role of
the House of Commons in England
 Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17c, H of B was able
to initiate legislation.
Virginia Becomes a Royal
Colony
James I grew hostile to Virginia
 He hated tobacco.
 He distrusted the House of
Burgesses which he called a seminary
of sedition.
1624  he revoked the charter of
the bankrupt VA Company.
 Thus, VA became a royal colony
English Tobacco Label
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in
1619.
 Their status was not clear  perhaps
slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
 Slavery not that important until the end of
the 17c.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Colonial Slavery
As the number of slaves increased,
white colonists reacted to put down
perceived racial threat.
 Slavery transformed from economic
to economic and racial institution.
 Early 1600s  differences between
slave and servant were unclear.
By the mid-1680s, black slaves
outnumbered white indentured
servants.
II. The early English colonies on the
Chesapeake (cont’d)
C. Bacon’s Rebellion
1. Tensions, discontents, and hatreds
2. Role of Nathaniel Bacon
3. Results
D. Maryland
1. Proprietary colony
2. Importance of Catholics
Bacon’s Rebellion
Rebels attacked Indians, whether
they were friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from
Jamestown.
They burned the capital.
Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion
and hanged 20 rebels.
Results of Bacon’s
Rebellion
It exposed resentments between
inland frontiersmen and landless
former servants against gentry on
coastal plantations.
 Socio-economic class
differences/clashes between rural and
urban communities would continue
throughout American history.
Upper class planters searched for
laborers less likely to rebel  BLACK
SLAVES!!
The Settlement of Maryland
A royal charter was
granted to George
Calvert, Lord
Baltimore,
in 1632.
A proprietary colony
created in 1634.
A healthier location
than Jamestown.
 Tobacco would be the
main crop.
His plan was to govern as an absentee
proprietor in a feudal relationship.
 Huge tracts of land granted to his Catholic
relatives.
A Haven for Catholics
Baltimore permitted high degree of
freedom of worship in order to prevent
repeat of persecution of Catholics by
Protestants.
 High number of Protestants threatened
because of overwhelming rights given to
Catholics.
Maryland Toleration Act of 1649
 Supported by the Catholics in MD.
 Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS.
 Decreed death to those who denied the
divinity of Jesus [like Jews, atheists, etc.].
 In one way, it was less tolerant than before
the law was passed!!
III. Colonial New England
A. Compared to Chesapeake colonies
1. Middle class
2. More women
3. Healthier climate
4. Holy settlement
B. Settlement at Plymouth
1. Pilgrims
2. Separatists
3. The Mayflower
4. Settlement of Plymouth
5. Mayflower Compact
Puritanism
Calvinism  Institutes of the Christian Religion
 Predestination.
• Good works could not save those predestined
for hell.
• No one could be certain of their spiritual
status.
• Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking
signs of “conversion.”
Puritans:
 Want to totally reform [purify] the Church
of England.
 Grew impatient with the slow process of
Protestant Reformation back in England.
Separatists
Separatist Beliefs:
 Puritans who believed only “visible
saints” [those who could demonstrate in
front of their fellow Puritans their
elect status] should be admitted to
church membership.
 Because the Church of England enrolled
all the king’s subjects, Separatists felt
they had to share churches with the
“damned.”
 Therefore, they believed in a total
break from the Church of England.
The Mayflower
1620  a group of 102
people [half Separatists]
 Negotiated with the
Virginia Company to
settle in its
jurisdiction.
 Non-Separatists
included Captain Myles
Standish.
Plymouth Bay way
outside the domain of the Virginia Company.
 Became squatters without legal right to land &
specific authority to establish a govt.
The Mayflower Compact
November 11, 1620
Written and signed before the
Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.
Not a constitution, but an agreement
to form a crude govt. and submit to
majority rule.
 Signed by 41 adult males.
Led to adult male settlers meeting in
assemblies to make laws in town
meetings.
Covenant Theology
“Covenant of Grace”:
 between Puritan communities and
God.
“Social Covenant”:
 Between members of Puritan
communities with each other.
 Required mutual watchfulness.
 No toleration of deviance or
disorder.
 No privacy.
That First Year….
Winter of 1620-1621
 Only 44 out of the original 102 survived.
None chose to leave in 1621 when the
Mayflower sailed back.
Fall of 1621  First “Thanksgiving.”
 Colony survived with fur [especially
beaver], fish, and lumber.
Plymouth stayed small and economically
unimportant.
 1691  only 7,000 people
 Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.
III. Colonial New England (cont’d)
C. Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630
1. Role of the Puritans
2. John Winthrop
3. Evolution of government
D. Creation of Rhode Island
1. Views of Roger Williams
2. Religious freedom
3. Controversy over Anne Hutchinson
E. Origins of Connecticut, 1637
F. Settlement of Maine and New Hampshire
First Seal of MA Bay
The MA Bay Colony
1629  non-Separatists got a royal charter
to form the MA Bay Co.
 Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in
the Church of England.
 They didn’t want to leave the Church, just
its “impurities.”
1630  1,000 people set off in 11 wellstocked ships
 Established a colony with Boston as its hub.
“Great Migration” of the 1630s
 Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil
War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.
 Not all Puritans  20,000 came to MA.
John Winthrop
Well-off attorney
and manor lord in
England.
A Modell of
Christian Charity.
Became 1st governor
of Massachusetts.
 Believed that he
had a “calling” from
God to lead there.
 Served as governor
or deputy-governor
for 19 years.
..we shall be as a
City on a hill.The eyes of
all people are upon us.
Characteristics of New England
Settlements
Low mortality  average life
expectancy was 70 years of age.
Many extended families.
Average 6 children per family.
Average age at marriage:
 Women – 22 years old
 Men – 27 years old.
Puritan “Rebels”
Young, popular minister in
Salem.
 Argued for a full break
with the Anglican Church.
 Condemned MA Bay
Charter.
•
Did not give fair
compensation to Indians.
 Denied authority of civil
govt. to regulate religious
behavior.
Roger Williams
1635  found guilty of preaching newe &
dangerous opinions and was exiled.
Rhode Island
1636  Roger Williams fled there.
 MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to
England to prevent him from founding a
competing colony.
 Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI
RI becomes known as the “Sewer”.
Puritan “Rebels”
Intelligent, strong-willed,
well-spoken woman.
Threatened patriarchal
control.
Antinomialism [direct
revelation]
 Means “against the law.”
 Carried to logical extremes
Puritan doctrine of
predestination.
Anne
Hutchinson
 Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.
 Truly saved didn’t need to obey the law of
either God or man.
Anne Hutchinson’s Trial
1638  she confounded the Puritan leaders
for days.
Eventually bragged that she had received
her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.
Direct revelation was even more serious
than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY??
Puritan leaders banished her  she & her
family traveled to RI and later to NY.
 She and all but one member of her family
were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester
County.
 John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!
New England Colonies, 1650
IV. New England Indians
A. Cultural interactions
1. Strategies of Indians
2. English objectives
B. Indian Society
1. Dependence of Nature
2. Religion
3. Epidemics
C. Pequot War
1. Background
2. Massacre of Indians
D. King Philip’s War
The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637
Pequots  very
powerful tribe
in CT river valley.
1637  Pequot
War
 Whites, with
Narragansett
Indian allies,
attacked Pequot
village on Mystic
River.
 Whites set fire
to homes & shot fleeing survivors!
 Pequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy
peace lasted for 40 years.
A Pequot Village
Destroyed, 1637
King Philip’s War (1675-1676}
Only hope for Native
Americans to resist
white settlers was to
UNITE.
Metacom [King Philip to
white settlers]
 Massasoit’s son united
Indians and staged
coordinated attacks
on white settlements throughout New England.
 Frontier settlements forced to retreat to
Boston.
King Philip’s War (1675-1676}
The war ended in failure for the Indians
 Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.
 His son and wife sold into slavery.
 Never a serious threat in New England again!!
V. The English Civil War and the colonies
A. Reduced immigration
B. English neglect of colonies
C. Formation of New England Confederation, 1643
D. Controversy over toleration in Maryland
E. Cromwell’s defense of the colonies
F. Limited impact of the Restoration
VI. New proprietary colonies
A. Carolinas settlements and governments
1. North Carolina’s development
2. South Carolina
a. Impact of West Indian planters
b. Government and religious toleration
c. Economic development
B. Southern Indian trade
1. Geographic extent of and material basis for trade
2. Troubles arising from Indian trade
3. Trade in Indian slaves
4. Conflicts with Indians
a. Tuscarora War
b. Yemassee War
The Carolinas
The West Indies  Way Station to
Mainland America
1670  a group of small English farmers
from the West Indies arrived in Carolina.
 Were squeezed out by sugar barons.
 Brought a few black slaves and a model of
the Barbados slave code with them.
Names for King Charles II.
The King granted Carolina to 8 supporters
[Lord Proprietors].
 They hoped to use Carolina to supply their
plantations in Barbados with food and
export wine, silk, and olive oil to Europe.
Settling the “Lower South”
Colonizing the Carolinas
Carolina developed close economic ties to
the West Indies.
 Many Carolinian settlers were originally from
the West Indies.
 They used local Savannah Indians to enslave
other Indians [about 10,000] and send them to
the West Indies [and some to New England].
Port of Charles Town, SC
Also named for King
Charles II of England.
Became the busiest port in
the South.
City with aristocratic feel.
Religious toleration
attracted diverse
inhabitants.
Crops of the
Carolinas: Rice
The primary export.
Rice was still an exotic
food in England.
 Was grown in Africa,
so planters imported
West African slaves.
 These slaves had a
genetic trait that
made them immune to
malaria.
American Long
Grain Rice
By 1710  black slaves were a majority in
Carolina.
Crops of the
Carolinas: Indigo
In colonial times,
the main use for
indigo was as a dye
for spun cotton
threads that were
woven into cloth for
clothes.
Today in the US,
the main use for
indigo is a dye for
cotton work clothes
& blue jeans.
The Emergence of North Carolina
Northern part of Carolina shared a
border with VA
 VA dominated by aristocratic planters who
were generally Church of England members.
 Dissenters from VA moved south to
northern Carolina.
 Poor farmers with little need for slaves.
 Religious dissenters.
Distinctive traits of North Carolinians
 Irreligious & hospitable to pirates.
 Strong spirit of resistance to authority.
1712  NC officially separated from SC.
VI. New proprietary colonies (cont’d)
C. New York
1. Originally a Dutch colony
2. Patroon system
3. British conquest, 1664
4. Dutch political principles
D. Iroquois League
1. Formation of the Iroquois League
2. Iroqois life
3. Development of warfare among the tribes
4. Iroquois expansion and its effects
5. Evolution of neutrality in the 1700s
E. New Jersey, a proprietary grant from the Duke of York
Settling the Middle
[or “Restoration”] Colonies
New Netherlands
New Netherlands  founded in
the Hudson River area (16231624)
 Established by Dutch West India
Company for quick-profit fur trade.
 Company wouldn’t pay much attention
to the colony.
 Manhattan [New Amsterdam]
 Purchased by Company for pennies
per (22,000) acre.
New Amsterdam Harbor, 1639
Company town
run in interests
of the
stockholders.
No interest in
religious
toleration, free
speech, or democracy.
Governors appointed by the Company were
autocratic.
Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed
Church [including Quakers] were persecuted.
Local assembly with limited power to make laws
established after repeated protests by colonists.
New Amsterdam, 1660
Characteristics of New Amsterdam:
 Aristocratic  patroonships [feudal estates
granted to promoters who would settle 50
people on them].
 Cosmopolitan  diverse population with many
different languages.
New Netherlands &
New Sweden
Swedes in New Netherlands
Mid-1600s  Sweden in Golden Age
settled small, under-funded colony
[called “New Sweden”] near New
Netherland.
1655  Dutch under
director-general
Peter Stuyvesant
attack New Sweden.
 Main fort fell after
bloodless siege.
 New Sweden absorbed
into New Netherland.
New Netherlands Becomes a British Royal
Colony
Charles II granted New Netherland’s land
to his brother, the Duke of York, [before
he controlled the area!]
1664  English soldiers arrived.
 Stuyvesant forced to surrender without
firing a shot.
Renamed “New York”
 England gained strategic harbor between
her northern & southern colonies.
 England now controlled the Atlantic coast!
New Amsterdam, 1664
VI. New proprietary colonies (cont’d)
F. Pennsylvania’s development
1. Problems of the Quakers
2. Role of William Penn
3. Development of the colony
4. Government and Indian relations
G. Delaware granted to Penn, but operated separately
H. Experiment of Georgia, 1733
1. Philanthropic purpose
2. Defensive role
Pennsylvania
The Quakers
Called Quakers because they “quaked” during
intense religious practices.
 Refused to pay taxes to support the Church
of England.
 Believed all were children of God refused
to treat the upper classes with deference.
 Keep hats on.
 Addressed them as commoners  ”thees”/“thous.”
 Wouldn’t take oaths.
 Pacifists.
William Penn
1681  he received a
grant from king to
establish a colony.
 This settled a debt the king owed his father.
 Named Pennsylvania [“Penn’s Woodland”].
He sent out paid agents and advertised for
settlers  his pamphlets were pretty honest.
 Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.
Penn & Native Americans
Bought [didn’t simply take]
land from Indians.
Quakers went among the
Indians unarmed.
BUT…….. non-Quaker
Europeans flooded PA
 Treated native peoples poorly.
 This undermined the actions
of the Quakers!
Government of Pennsylvania
Representative assembly elected by
landowners.
No tax-supported church.
Freedom of worship guaranteed to all.
Forced to deny right to vote & hold
office to Catholics & Jews by English
govt.
Pennsylvanian Society
Attracted many different people
 Religious misfits from other colonies.
 Many different ethnic groups.
No provision for military defense.
No restrictions on immigration.
No slavery!!
Urban Population Growth
1650 - 1775
New Jersey
New Jersey — PA’s Neighbor
1664  aristocratic
proprietors rcvd. the
area from the Duke of
York.
Many New Englanders
[because of worn out
soil] moved to NJ.
 1674  West NJ sold
to Quakers.
 East NJ eventually
acquired by Quakers.
1702  E & W NJ
combined into NJ and
created one colony.
Delaware
Delaware — PA’s Neighbor
Named after Lord De
La Warr [harsh
military governor of
VA in 1610].
Closely associated with
Penn’s colony.
1703  granted its
own assembly.
Remained under the
control of PA until the
American Revolution.
Ethnic Groups
Georgia
18c Southern Colonies
Late-Coming Georgia
Founded in 1733.
Last of the 13
colonies.
Named in honor of
King George II.
Founded by James
Oglethorpe.
Georgia--The “Buffer” Colony
Chief Purpose of Creating Georgia:
 As a “buffer” between the valuable Carolinas
& Spanish Florida & French Louisiana.
 Received subsidies from British govt. to
offset costs of defense.
 Export silk and wine.
 A haven for debtors
thrown in to prison.
Determined to keep
slavery out!
 Slavery found in GA
by 1750.
The Port City of Savannah
Diverse community.
 All Christians except Catholics enjoyed
religious toleration.
Missionaries worked among debtors and
Indians  most famous was John Wesley.
VII. General features of English settlement
A. Effect of lack of centralized direction
B. Role of private investment
C. Welcome of diverse settlers
D. Importance of self-government
E. Compact pattern of settlement