Transcript peridd5
Period 5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750 to c. 1900 Industrial Revolution 1700’s First inventions (steam engine, textiles) Movement of people to cities Small scale machines; more goods made with machines 1800’s Industrialization spreads to US Factories Rapid urbanization; population growth Rise of slavery Growth of middle class Developments in transportation and communication Organization of workers 1900’s Reform movements Decline of child labor Limits on big business Industrialization spreads to Japan, Russia I. Factors leading to the rise of Industrialism • Europe’s location on the Atlantic Ocean • The geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber • European demographic changes • Urbanization • Improved agricultural productivity • Legal protection of private property • An abundance of rivers and canals • Access to foreign resources • The accumulation of capital II. Industrialization Developments Machines Use of coal and oil as fuel Factory system Expansion of financial systems Major developments in transportation and communication Railroads Steamships Telegraphs Canals III. Long Term Industrialization Capitalism Formation of labor unions Reform movements Spread to other areas in the world Changes in society Demographic changes Family changes Political Revolutions A. American Revolution Mid-1700’s British colonies were economically prosperous A series of wars and taxes caused boycotts and protests in the colonies “No taxation without representation”- influenced by Enlightenment ideas 1776 Declaration of Independence Author Thomas Jefferson Influenced by John Locke Consent of the governed and individual freedom Effects Introduced modern democracy US Constitution US Bill of Rights Declaration of Independence Encouraged other revolutions French Haiti Latin America Vietnam B. French Revolution Inspired by the American Revolution More radical in scope, and ideals Goal: Replace “old order” and absolute monarch with new cultural, social and political structures Immediate causes: Financial crisis, inequalities between social classes (estates) Events Many “paper victories” Declaration of the Rights of Man (equality of all men) Abolished privileges of 1st and 2nd estates Limited constitutional monarchy Reign of Terror-use of Guillotine to kill traitors, royal family Reign of Napoleon Brought war to Europe Effects of Napoleon Unseated monarchs in Spain and Portugal Led to uprisings in their Latin American colonies Congress of Vienna/Concert of Europe Alliance of European monarchs Kept peace for 100 years United front against uprisings inspired by Enlightenment Changes-1750’s-1800’s Social and economic Creation of a middle class Education Feminist movements Capitalism Alternatives to capitalism-Karl Marx and socialism Growth of cities Political Creation of US US Constitution Upheavals in Europe Unifications of Germany and Italy Key Concept 5.2 Imperialism Imperialism and nation state formation Quest for overseas empires Partially a result of the Industrial Revolution Improvements in transportation and use of machines caused increased demands for raw materials Reasons Economic benefits Show of power and wealth Gaining raw materials (rubber, cotton, tin) to be sent back to factories Colonialism Sending colonists to new lands Dominating the social, political, economic and social structure North and South America: settler colonies established by Europe Economic Colonies: India and southeast Asia (much smaller amounts of colonists) Instead, businessmen and government officials developed polices to benefit the mother country I. Creation of transoceanic empires and colonies I. British Empire a. Britain in India b. Belgium in Congo c. British Empire Africa, Australia d. South America Societies at Crossroads A. Ottoman Empire Territory declined in the 17th and 18th centuries Nationalist movements in Greece and Serbia (1840) Muhammad Ali took control of Egypt after reign of Napoleon (began process of Industrialization, cotton as an export) Increase in European trade in the Mediterranean world caused Ottoman trade to decline 1882- Grew dependent on European loans 1900 Difficulty controlling government; forced to decrease wages for government officials while raising taxes on the peasants Reforms: Mahmud II Tanzimat Reforms Sultan Hamid II Young Turks B. Qing China C. Russia Russian tsars ruled as autocrats (absolute monarchs); supported by the church and nobility (who were exempt from taxes and military service) Peasants were the bulk of the population-most were serfs 1861 Alexander II: abolished serfdom. Serfs were given no political rights and were taxed on the land Economic reform to modernize military Attempts at industrialization brought factories but poor working conditions 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution and Reform Growing Nationalism and Anti-Colonial Movements Boxer Rebellion Taiping Rebellion Self-Strengthing Movement Nationalism, Revolution and Reform Colonial Resistance to Imperialism Taiping Rebellion Ghost Dance Xhosa Cattle Kiling Revolution and Reform Revolution in Haiti 1790; slave plantation Latin American Independence Movements Simon Bolivar Defeated Spanish forces in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador then Peru Global Migration 1750-1900 Middle of 18th Century, population of Europe increased dramatically End of epidemic diseases Improved diets Decline in infant mortality Higher birth rate Migration pattern- West Migration from country to city (industrialism) Middle class away from city to emerging suburbs Non-Western World Latin American population doubled in the 19th century Japan-improvements in nutrition and medical care China, Japan and Latin America-strain on natural resources Environmental concerns: pollution, industrial waste Patterns of migration and immigration Settler colonies- brought Europeans and indigenous peoples in America’s, Africa, Pacific, SE Asia Maoris of New Zealand and native Hawaiians lost over half of their population to diseases Decrease in population led to a need for workers, caused migration from China and Japan to Hawaii From To REASON Portugal, Italy Brazil, Argentina Need for agricultural labor, coffee plantations in Brazil Some Italians were seasonal Russian Jews Latin America Escaping religious persecution in Russia Eastern Europe, Italy) And Ireland US Looking for industrial jobs, better life