Transcript LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS

LATIN AMERICAN
REVOLUTIONS: MENU
CAUSES of
the Revolution
EFFECTS of
the Revolution
LEADERS of
the Revolution
PROBLEMS OF
THE SPANISH EMPIRE
THE AGE OF
ENLIGHTENMENT
CAUSES of Latin American
Revolutions
THE
AMERICAN
REVOLUTION
THE
FRENCH
REVOLUTION
THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT
Before the Age of Enlightenment, kings were placed on the throne by
God. Only God can remove them.
* However, after the age of Enlightenment,
people realized that:
* Government is based on a contract
between the ruler and the ruled.
* Government exists to protect the citizens’ natural
rights of life, liberty, & property.
CAUSES
* If the government violates the natural rights of
the people, the citizens have a right to revolt
against that tyranny.
PROBLEMS IN THE
SPANISH EMPIRE Part I
* Political Disempowerment (deprived of influence or importance) :
Spanish colonies were run by the Council of the Indies, a group
appointed by the King that met in Spain and sent its directives across the
Atlantic. (Directives are orders or demands
of the Colonists in the Americas).
Those directives were carried out
by
the
viceroys,
officials
appointed by Spain to govern the
colonies.
PROBLEMS IN THE
SPANISH EMPIRE Part II
* Economic Disempowerment:
Spain had the first right to colonial goods and resources. Excluding all
competitors, economic policy was set for Spain’s maximum benefit.
Spanish Colonies
in the Americas

 Spain
So, these are the poor colonists in the Americas! What’s it to me?
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
* The success of the American Revolution
showed others that colonies could succeed
in overthrowing their more powerful
mother countries.
CAUSES
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
* The Enlightenment
leads many European
writers to criticize the
absolute monarchy and
espouse democratic ideas
* The people of France grow
disgusted with treatment from
King Louis and Marie
Antoinette
*
The people storm the
palaces and overthrow the
monarchy (king and queen).
MENU
CAUSES
• There was an influence of
the ideas developed during
the Age of Enlightenment
• Spain demanded control
of trade with its colonies
• The successful
revolutions in the
American colonies and
the French Revolution
SOCIAL PYRAMID
Latin American Social Hierarchy
Creoles
People of pure
European blood
But born in the
New World
Peninsulares
Native Spaniards
P
C
Mestizos:
Indian +
European
blood
CAUSES
Mulattos
African + European blood
M&M
I&A
Indians and Africans
Miguel Hidalgo
of Mexico
Simon Bolivar,
liberator of
Southwest
South America
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LEADERS
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Pedro of Brazil
Toussaint
L‘Ouverture of
Haiti
Toussaint
L‘Ouverture
*Haitian slave who was inspired by
French Revolution
*He began military career as leader of
1791 slave rebellion in St. Dominque.
*Joined French after the
revolutionary government
abolished slavery
* Haiti became first of Latin
American colonies to gain
independence in 1804
MENU
LEADERS
LEADERS
MIGUEL HIDALGO
* Highly educated Creole priest assigned to town of Dolores.
* September 16, 1810: El Grito de Dolores. Hidalgo rang church bells
and called upon his mestizo and indigenous parishioners to take up arms
against the Spanish.
* Led a rag-tag army toward
Mexico City, unleashing mass
slaughter of peninsulares in
path.
* Never made it to the capital.
Instead, he was captured and
shot in 1811. His work was
completed by Jose Morelos.
Dom Pedro
LEADERS
*Brazil and Canada to the north
were two examples of nonviolent revolutions
* In early 1800s, French armies
invaded Portugal
* Portugal’s royal family fled to Brazil
*The king returned to Portugal in 1821,
leaving his son, Dom Pedro to rule the
colony (Brazil).
*Dom Pedro took more power than
expected by declaring Brazil independent
LEADERS
SIMON BOLIVAR
* He was an elite Creole planter who became a military general
* He was called the “George
Washington of South America.”
*
He liberated territories of
modern
day
Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, &
Bolivia
* His plan for a federated Latin
America was crushed by political
in-fighting.
POLITICAL
EFFECTS of
Latin American
Revolutions
ECONOMIC
INTERNATIONAL
POLITICAL Effects:
THE CAUDILLOS
* By 1830, nearly all Latin American
countries were ruled by caudillos.
WHY?
* The upper classes supported
dictatorship because it kept the lower
classes out of power.
EFFECTS
* The lower classes did not have experience
with democracy. So, dictatorship seemed
normal.
INTERNATIONAL Effects:
THE MONROE DOCTRINE
“ The American continents…are henceforth not to be
considered as subjects for future colonization by any European
powers.” - James Monroe, 1823
WHY was the
Monroe Doctrine Important?
* After the War of 1812 with England,
America realized the first war for
freedom may not be the only one. They
wanted to prevent possible follow up
wars for other new nations in the
Western Hemisphere.
* The U.S. had political and
economic interests in keeping
Europe out of the Western
hemisphere. From 1823 on, it
would be the U.S.’ backyard.
* Though the U.S. did not have the muscle to back up
its threats, Great Britain agreed to support the Monroe
Doctrine due to its new favorable trading position in
Latin America.
EFFECTS
ECONOMIC Effects of the
Revolutions:
ONE-CROP ECONOMIES
* Now that trade was not restricted to the
Latin American’s mother country, the U.S.
and Great Britain became the new Latin
American countries’ major trading
partners.
* A colonial economy continued - Latin
America mainly exported cash crops
and raw materials while importing
manufactured goods.
AN IMBALANCE OF TRADE
* As the imbalance of trade grew, Latin American countries
took out large loans from the U.S., Britain, and Germany to
build infrastructure.
* When the countries could not pay back their loans, foreign
lenders gained control of major industries in Latin America.
THE QUESTION OF LAND
DID THE SOCIAL PYRAMID CHANGE?
NO!
* Once the Spaniards were expelled,
the new governments seized their lands * Only the creoles could
and put them up for sale, BUT…
afford to buy them.
* Thus, the creole replaced the
peninsular at the top of the social
pyramid…
* But other classes
remained at the bottom of
the social pyramid.
EFFECTS
King and council
decided on laws and Dictatorship of the
viceroys carried them
Caudillos
out
Unequal trade
relationship with
Spain benefiting
Latin American countries were
able to trade as they wished.
Sold cash crops and imported
manufactured goods which led
to debt.
Native Spaniards at
the top of the social
ladder, followed by
creoles, and with the
rest of the population
at the bottom
Creoles at the top
of the ladder with
the rest of the
population at the
bottom.