Transcript U.S. History Review PP

GHSGT
United States History
Review
Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution
Religious freedom & economic opportunity as
reasons for British North American
colonization

Jamestown (founded,1607)

Separatists or “Pilgrims” (founded Plymouth, 1620)

Puritans (founded Massachusetts,1630)
Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution
Identify the three regions of Colonial America

New England Colonies
(manufacturing & commerce)

Middle Colonies
(agriculture & manufacturing)

Southern Colonies
(agriculture & slave trade)
Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution
Explain mercantilism’s role as an underlying
cause of the Revolution

Home Rule (Parliamentary laws control trade)

Colonies (provide raw materials)

Britain (manufactures raw materials into
finished goods)
Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution
Analyze Benjamin Franklin’s political cartoon
“Join, or Die”

Drafted by Franklin to unite the colonies (1754)

British colonies failed to sign-on to union

Colonial autonomy prevailed
Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution
Analyze the theme of Thomas Paine’s
Common Sense (1776)

Denounced King George III

Motivated British colonies to remain in rebellion

Outlined key ideals about a separate American
republic
Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution
Analyze the concepts in Declaration of
Independence (1776) written by Thomas
Jefferson

Preamble (List reasons for writing the document)

Protection of Natural Rights
- People set-up government
- Basic “inalienable” rights protected
- Abolish government which abuses rights

Lists the grievances against King George III
Unit #1 – Colonization & Revolution
Describe the significance of the Battle of
Saratoga and its contribution to the
outcome of the American Revolution

France becomes an ally of the Americans and
helped defeat Britain
Unit #1 – Vocabulary Terms
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legislature
House of Burgesses
indentured servant
Puritan
gentry
salutary neglect
Mercantilism
staple crop
cash crop
Albany Plan of Union (1754)
Unit #2 – Constitutionalism &
National Development
Explain the role of the compromises in the
development of the Constitution

“Great Compromise”
- Brokered by Roger Sherman and combined both
“Virginia” and “New Jersey” plans to create
current federal government structure

“Three Fifths Compromise”
- Brokered between Northern and Southern states
- Slaves would count three-fifths of a person
Unit #2 – Constitutionalism &
National Development
Identify the purpose of the Bill of Rights
(1791)

Protection of individual (Amendments 1—9)

Protection of states’ rights (Amendment 10)

Anti-federalists pushed for these amendments and
Federalists agreed to get Constitution ratified
Unit #2 – Constitutionalism &
National Development
Identify the role of Marbury v. Madison
(1803)

Chief Justice John Marshall

Case supported the theme of “judicial review”

Increased power of the Supreme Court
Unit #2 – Constitutionalism &
National Development
Analyze Washington’s “Farewell Address” in
the development of isolationism

Address called for the United States to remain
neutral in foreign policy
Unit #2 – Constitutionalism &
National Development
Identify the role of Thomas Jefferson and
Alexander Hamilton in the development of the twoparty system

Jefferson “Democratic Republicans” (Favored states’ rights;
supported common men in government process; pro-French;
and envisioned an agricultural nation

Hamilton “Federalists” (Favored stronger central government;
educated men in government process; pro-British; and
envisioned a manufacturing nation.
Unit #2 – Constitutionalism &
National Development
Identify the “Missouri Compromise” of 1820
on the expansion of slavery

Missouri a slave state

Maine a free state

Allowed slavery south of a line 36 degrees, 30
minutes (except for Missouri)
Unit #2 – Constitutionalism &
National Development
Identify the effect of the “Monroe Doctrine”
of 1823 on European influence in the
Western Hemisphere

Written by John Quincy Adams for Monroe’s
state-of-the-union speech

Stated that the United States would help defend
and involve itself in the direction of American nations
against European rule
Unit #2 – Vocabulary Terms
• Articles of Confederation (1781—1789)
• “Great Compromise”
• “Three-Fifths Compromise”
• separation of powers
• ratification
• isolationism
• precedent
• Federalist
• Jeffersonian Republican
• Adams-Onis Treaty of 1821
Unit #3 – Jacksonian Era, Reform
Movements & Westward Expansion
Analyze the legacy of Andrew Jackson

Believed in the “Common Man”

Used spoils system to reward supporters

Created the Democratic Party

Used federal government to remove Native Americans west
of Mississippi River

Won the “Nullification Crisis” with South Carolina

Defeated the Second National Bank of the United States
and set up “Pet Banks”
Unit #3 – Jacksonian Era, Reform
Movements & Westward Expansion
Analyze territorial expansion focusing on “territories
acquired” and “method of acquisition”

Louisiana (1803) – Treaty with France

Florida (1821) – Treaty with Spain

Texas (1845) – Annexed

Oregon (1846) – Treaty with Britain

Mexican Cession (1848) – Treaty with Mexico

Gadsden (1853) – Treaty with Mexico
Unit #3 – Jacksonian Era, Reform
Movements & Westward Expansion
Reform Movements of the Mid-19th Century

Abolition

Women’s Rights

Temperance

Prison Reform

Public Education

Utopian Communities

Transcendentalism
Unit #3 – Jacksonian Era, Reform
Movements & Westward Expansion
Analyze territorial expansion focusing on “expansion
of transportation”

Rivers (Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri river systems)

Canals (Erie Canal)

Railroads (Baltimore & Ohio Railroad)

Wagon Trains (Mormon, Oregon, Santa Fe trails
west from the Mississippi River)

Turnpikes (National “Cumberland” Road)
Unit #3 – Vocabulary Terms
• spoils system
• “Manifest Destiny”
• annexation
• westward trails
• abolitionist
• emancipation
• temperance
• suffrage
• “Underground Railroad”
Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction
Analyze Scott v. Sanford (1857) and its effect on
the division between the North and South

Declared that slaves could not sue for their
freedom because they were property

Declared the Missouri Compromise of 1820 was
illegal
Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction
Identify the effect of the Presidential Election
of 1860 on the secession of southern states

Lincoln’s election proved that the nation did
not have a national party

Southern slave states seceded and formed
the Confederacy
Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction
Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Union
and the Confederacy during the Civil War (1861—
1865)

Union Strengths
- More population, factories, immigrants, raw materials,
naval power, funding for the war

Union Weaknesses
- Would have to fight an offensive war; northern
states divided (e.g. “Copperheads”)
Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction
Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Union
and the Confederacy during the Civil War (1861—
1865)

Confederate Strengths
- Fighting a defensive war; better military leadership

Confederate Weaknesses
- Small population, almost no factories, no immigrants,
limited raw materials, non-existent navy, have to set
up new national government
Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction
Analyze Lincoln’s motivations for issuing the
Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

Battle of Antietam and previous battles with
heavy losses motivated Lincoln to re-examine the
purpose of the war
Unit #4 – Division & Reconstruction
Analyze the successes and failures of the Freedmen’s
Bureau

Successes:
- Helped former slaves negotiate contracts with
landowners; reunite families separated from the war;
and provide food, shelter, and clothing to the poor

Failure:
- Struggled to help bring about complete equality for
Blacks; discontinued in 1872
Unit #4 – Vocabulary Terms
• Compromise of 1850
• Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
• “popular sovereignty”
• Dred Scott Decision
• “states’ rights”
• secession
• Confederacy
• “border states”
• Reconstruction
• Thirteenth Amendment
• Fourteenth Amendment
• Fifteenth Amendment
• “black codes”
Unit #5 – Industrialization &
National Development
Analyze the effects of industrialization on population
shifts, monopolistic practices, and unionization

Increased immigration led to urbanization and
industrialization

Major corporations (e.g. Carnegie Steel and
Standard Oil) formed monopolies

Unions formed as a result of poor working conditions
and pay
Unit #5 – Industrialization &
National Development
Identify changes in transportation during
westward expansion

Transcontinental Railroad (completed May 10,
1869)

Use of “clipper ships” for speed and size sailed
from east coast to west coast around South
America
Unit #5 – Industrialization &
National Development
Identify “Jim Crow Laws” and the purpose
they served

Laws passed by Southern states following the
Civil War

Used by the states to keep Blacks from economic,
political, and social equality
Unit #5 – Industrialization &
National Development
Analyze the role of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
in legalizing segregation

The case made it legal for states in the South to
segregate Blacks and Whites

“separate, but equal”
Unit #5 – Vocabulary Terms
• Industrial Revolution
• urbanization
• political machines
• “Robber Barons”
• monopolies
• Social Darwinism
• “Gilded Age”
• Transcontinental Railroads
• Homestead Act of 1862
• laissez-faire
• Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883
Unit #6 – Industrialization &
National Development
Identify the reasons for the construction of the
Panama Canal (1902—1914)

Construction allowed ships to transport from
Atlantic to Pacific without having to encircle
South America (this was a problem during the
Spanish American War)

Construction would continue United States
diplomacy and imperialism in Latin America
Unit #6 – Industrialization &
National Development
Analyze the role of “Dollar Diplomacy” in
United States-Latin American relations

Initiated by President William Howard Taft

The United States funded projects and helped
industrialize nations in Latin America
Unit #6 – Industrialization &
National Development
Analyze the role of the “Muckrakers” in the
development of the Progressive Movement

The Progressive Movement (1900—1920)

Phrase was coined by President Teddy Roosevelt

The “Muckrakers” were journalists who helped
expose the corruption in both government and
business
Unit #6 – Industrialization &
National Development
Identify the following Progressive Amendments to the
Constitution:
- 16th Amendment (income tax)
- 17th Amendment (direct election of Senators)
- 18th Amendment (initiated prohibition)
- 19th Amendment (suffrage for women)
Unit #6 – Industrialization &
National Development
Identify the causes of United States involvement in World
War I

WWI broke out in Europe in 1914 and was divided
between the Central Powers and Allied Powers

Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria,
the Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers: Britain, France, Russia (withdrew,1917),
the United States (entry, 1917), and some 15 other
nations
Unit #6 – Industrialization &
National Development
Identify the causes of United States involvement in World
War I

President Woodrow Wilson declared “neutrality” in an
effort to prevent United States involvement

Causes include:
- Unrestricted German U-Boat sinking (e.g. Lusitania)
- Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico
- United States culturally tied to Britain
Unit #6 – Industrialization &
National Development
Analyze the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, and the
refusal of the United States Senate to ratify the
treaty

The treaty officially ended the war, created seven new
nations, forced Germany to pay reparations, and re-set
existing national boundaries in Europe

When the war ended, Wilson traveled to Europe with
his “Fourteen Points” outlining several ideas including
the formation of a League of Nations
Unit #6 – Industrialization &
National Development
Analyze the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, and the
refusal of the United States Senate to ratify the
treaty

Opponents of the treaty argued against the United
States involvement in a League of Nations

Wilson refused to back down and went on a national
campaign to support the treaty and the League of
Nations
Unit #6 – Vocabulary Terms
• Imperialism
• Roosevelt Corollary
• sphere of influence
• “Open Door” Policy
• initiative
• recall
• referendum
• neutrality
• unrestricted submarine warfare
• League of Nations
• self-determination
• reparations
Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times
Analyze isolationism in United States foreign policy

Under the leadership of presidents Warren G.
Harding, Calvin Coolidge, and Herbert Hoover,
the United States remained neutral in the 1920s
and 1930s

Despite the rise of dictators, the United States
remained neutral until 1941
Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times
Analyze the effect of increased immigration on antiforeign sentiment

Once the First World War ended, many European
immigrants flooded immigration centers of the United
States

The many immigrants (including fear of Communism)
provoked the rise of the Ku Klux Klan and other antiimmigrant groups throughout the 1920s and 1930s
Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times
Analyze the lifestyles of the “Roaring
Twenties”

Henry Ford’s automobiles, the consumer
revolution, urbanization, pro-business policies of
low taxes and limited regulation, jazz, silent pictures,
“flappers,” and prohibition of alcohol all affected
the lifestyle of Americans.
Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times
Analyze the causes and effects of the Great
Depression (1929—1941) on the United States

Causes of the Depression include:
- Slowdown in agriculture
- uneven wealth distribution
- easy credit
-buying on margin
Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times
Analyze the causes and effects of the Great Depression
(1929—1941) on the United States

The stock market crash stimulated other problems:
- bank collapses
- business closures
- rise in unemployment (nearly 25% of working population)
- high tariffs
- longest depression in United States History.
Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times
Analyze Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “New Deal” programs
and their effects on the economy of the United States

Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) increased the role of the
federal government’s management of the economy by
providing:
- relief
- recovery
- reform.
Unit #7 – Boom Times & Hard Times
Analyze Franklin D. Roosevelt’s “New Deal”
programs and their effects on the economy
of the United States

Programs included: Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC), Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA),
Public Works Administration (PWA), Social
Security.
Unit #7 – Vocabulary Terms
• “Red Scare”
• Communism
• quota
• Scopes “Monkey” Trial
• speculation
• overproduction
• “buying on margin”
• “Hoovervilles”
• “Dust Bowl”
• Bonus Army
Unit #8 – World War II & the Cold War
Analyze the territorial expansion of the Axis Powers

The Axis Powers consisted of Nazi Germany, Fascist
Italy, and Militant Japan.

Germany conquered former territories in Europe lost
at the end of the WWI.

Italy conquered Ethiopia.

Japan conquered Manchuria, Eastern China, and
other Pacific islands.
Unit #8 – World War II & the Cold War
Trace the events that led to the United States entry
into World War II

Germany invaded Poland (September 1, 1939)
initiating the Second World War.

The United States remained neutral throughout the
first two years of the war.

On December 7, 1941, the United States entered
WWII following a surprise attack by Japan at Pearl
Harbor.
Unit #8 – World War II & the Cold War
Explain the United States contribution to the Allied
Victory

The United States joined the Allied Powers and
contributed 16 million soldiers, sailors and airmen.

In addition, the United States industrial output was
maximized bring the nation out of the Depression.

The “Big Three” consisted of the United States,
the Soviet Union, and Britain.
Unit #8 – World War II & the Cold War
Explain the United States contribution to the Allied
Victory

The United States won the Battle of Midway in the
Pacific and contributed to the invasion of Europe at
Normandy (D-Day).

The United States liberated Western Europe of
Nazism and freed Jews in concentration camps.

The war in the Pacific ended with two atomic bombs used
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (August, 1945).
Unit #8 – World War II & the Cold War
Analyze the foundations and purposes of the
United Nations

The United Nations (UN) was an organization of
fifty member states (headquartered in New York
City).

The foundation was to secure peace and
cooperation between nations.
Unit #8 – World War II & the Cold War
Analyze the onset and outcome of the Korean War

When WWII ended, the former Allied Powers of the
United States and Soviet Union each controlled a
portion of the Korean Peninsula.

President Harry S. Truman ordered United States
troops into Korea

China entered the war and created a stalemate.

North Korea remains Communist and South Korea
remains a free market democracy.
Unit #8 – Vocabulary Terms
• Totalitarianism
• Fascism
• Nazism
• appeasement
• Pearl Harbor
• “Blitzkrieg”
• Atlantic Charter of 1941
• Operation Overlord [D-Day]
• “Manhattan Project”
Unit #8 – Vocabulary Terms
• Holocaust
• “Cold War”
• Superpowers
• “Iron Curtain”
• Truman Doctrine
• Containment
• Marshall Plan
• Berlin Airlift
• “McCarthyism”
Unit #9 – Upheaval of the 1960s
Analyze United States involvement in the Vietnam Conflict

President John F. Kennedy sends first advisers to train
South Vietnamese troops (1961)

Ngo Dinh Diem government overthrown (1963)

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964)

First combat troops arrived (1965)

Tet Offensive (1968)

Vietnamization (1969)

United States Pullout of South Vietnam (1975)
Unit #9 – Upheaval of the 1960s
Analyze the “Counterculture” of the 1960s and
1970s

Movement that upheld values different than
mainstream culture

Counterculture was shaped by music, art, and the
conflict in Vietnam
Unit #9 – Upheaval of the 1960s
Analyze the key events of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s

Supreme Court ruled segregation illegal in Brown v. Board of
Education (1954)

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)

“Little Rock Nine” (1957)

March on Washington (1963)

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Fair Housing Act of 1968

Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1968)
Unit #8 – Vocabulary Terms
• “Domino Theory”
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• saturation bombing
• conscientious objector
• deferment
• integration
• civil disobedience
• Sit-ins
Unit #8 – Vocabulary Terms
• boycotts
• Montgomery Bus Boycott
• “Little Rock Nine”
• freedom rides
• March on Washington
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Voting Rights Act of 1965
Unit #10 – Continuity & Change
Analyze the successes and failures of Nixon’s presidency

Successes include:
- Realpolitik (national interest ahead of abstract
ideals).
- Relations with China improved
- SALT (treaty with Soviet Union to ease the
deployment of nuclear weapons)
- Détente (reducing tension with Soviet Union)
Unit #10 – Continuity & Change
Analyze the successes and failures of Nixon’s presidency

Failures include:
- Stagflation (inflationary pressures and stagnated
economy)
- Oil Crisis with OPEC
- Watergate Scandal
- Resignation
Unit #8 – Vocabulary Terms
• Détente
• Realpolitik
• Watergate
• impeachment