Transcript Period 5 IDs Review

Period 5 IDs Review
Reign of Terror
• Most violent and
radical phase of
French Revolution
lasting from 1793-94
that resulted in up to
40,000 people being
executed as enemies
of the revolution.
• Illustrated fear of
some philosophes
that people were not
capable of ruling
themselves.
Eventually ends with
execution of
Robespierre and
leads to conservative
reaction (Napoleon)
Pedro I
• Portuguese prince
• Brazil gained its
who in 1825 granted
independence and
Brazil independence
became a republic,
from Portugal and
but had no real social
established himself as
change as a result of
the constitutional
its new freedom. Most
monarch of Brazil.
peaceful
independence
movement in Latin
America.
Continental System
• Napoleon’s economic
attempt to strangle
Great Britain by
placing a trade
embargo between
Europe and GB. It
failed and GB was
ultimately less
affected than
continental Europe.
• Due to his inability to
invade GB or control
the seas, Napoleon’s
only option was
economic. It failed
and led to his
eventual defeat at the
hands of the British
and Russians.
Monroe Doctrine
• American doctrine
• Established U.S.
outlined by Pres.
policy of preserving
Monroe stating that
influence in Latin
any European attempt
America and
to conquer newly
disallowing foreign
formed Latin
powers to meddle in
American countries
L.A. affairs (although
would be seen as a
that is exactly what
threat to United
U.S. did/does).
States.
Proto-industrialization
• Movement around
1800 that resulted in
hundreds of
thousands of people
producing textiles &
metals from their
homes in a capitalist
system.
• Encouraged new
technologies to
expand production
and resulted in growth
in middle class
Louis XVI
• Inept French king who • Contributed to
called who attempted
financial and social
to solve growing
crisis in France by
financial crisis in
ignoring life outside of
France by calling
Versailles. His
parliamentary
demise served as
meeting. Executed
warning of what NOT
during Reign of Terror
to do for other
in French Revolution.
European monarchs.
Jose San Martin & Simon Bolivar
• Latin American
independence
movement leaders in
early 1800s (Bolivar
in Northern S.
America, San Martin
in Southern S.
America) who fought
for independence
from Spain.
• Middle to upper-class
leadership in
revolutions resulted in
free countries in Latin
America, although
goals of equality were
not achieved.
Nationalism
• Belief that the nation
is the center of
society – people are
bound together with
common goals &
features. Rooted in
French Revolution
and spread during
Napoleonic Wars
• Became central
ideology of Age of
Revolution and led to
independence
movements and
revolutionary
rebellions across
globe.
Committee on Public Safety
• 12 man committee
who during radical
phase of French
Revolution ruled
country by mobilizing
entire nation for war
and initiating Reign of
Terror.
• Oversaw bloodiest
portion of French
Revolution, protected
French territory, and
eliminated all political
enemies with force.
Declaration of Rights of Man and
the Citizen
• Document adopted by
National Assembly in
France (1789) that
affirmed that all men
are born and remain
free and have equal,
natural rights.
• Served as basis for
French Revolution
and later
revolutionary ideals.
Promoted ideas of
Enlightenment
philosophes.
Robespierre
• Lawyer and leader of
Jacobean party and
Committee on Public
Safety during radical
phase of French
Revolution. He was
extremely idealistic
but used extreme
violence to eliminate
enemies.
• Implemented ideals of
French Revolution to
a violent and
intolerant degree –
eventually was
betrayed and
executed himself.
Estates General
• Assembly of three
estates (classes) in
France that was
called upon by Louis
XVI for the first time
since 1614. 1st estate
= clergy, 2nd =
nobility, 3rd =
commoners.
• Gave no real power to
98% of population in
3rd estate. Eventually
ignored by 3rd estate
during moderate
phase of French
Revolution.
Battle of Trafalgar
• Most famous naval
battle in history
between British and
French/Spanish fleet
off the coast of Spain
(10/21/1805). Won
decisively by British
Admiral Nelson, who
died in battle.
• Reinforces British
naval superiority, and
forces Napoleon to
concede seas to rival
across the channel.
Allows British to
continue Continental
system to attempt to
strangle France
economically.
Napoleon Bonaparte
• Corsican general who
rose from middle
class background
during French
Revolution to become
emperor of France.
Conquered almost all
of Europe.
• Resulted in positive &
negative changes in
France, disrupted
political balance of
Europe, and spread
nationalism
throughout Europe.
Age of Revolution
• Period of political
upheaval beginning
roughly with the
American Revolution
in 1775 through other
movements in the
West until 1848.
• Included many
locations, social
groups, and goals
that resulted in
significant changes &
conflicts.
Toussaint L’Overture
• Haitian slave revolt
leader who led fight to
rid Haiti of French
overlords. First
successful revolt in
Latin America.
• Served as an
inspiration not just for
Haitians, but for all of
Latin America –
leading to chain
reaction of
independence
movements.
Miguel Hidalgo & Augustin de
Iturbide
• Leaders of the
Mexican fight for
independence in early
1800s. Hidalgo
served as religions
inspiration, and
Inturbide was leader
once independence
was gained.
• Mexican
independence was
extremely
complicated as it was
led by many factions
who did not agree on
all goals and tactics.
Resulted in shaky
republic formed, then
eventually
overthrown.
Mass Leisure culture
• Along with
industrialization came
a new focus on
entertainment, and
with it grew mass
media – first
represented by
popular newspapers,
theater, sports,
vacation resorts.
• Working & middleclass families looked
to escape the
boredom and pain of
industrial jobs through
a variety of leisure
outlets.
Reparmiento
• Continuation of
ecomienda system in
Latin America where
natives continued to
be taken advantage
of even after
independence was
gained.
• Resulted in continued
inequality and
mistreatment of
indigenous population
of Latin America.
Caudillos
• Charismatic military
strongmen who
dominated military
and politics of Latin
America following
struggles with
independence.
• Represent
fundamental
problems with Latin
American upon
independence.
Impatience with
change and tendency
to turn to military led
to further problems in
Latin America.
Industrial Revolution
• Period in late 18th and
early 19th centuries
when major changes
in manufacturing,
agriculture, and
transportation led to
significant changes in
most aspects of life.
• Industrialization
started in Great
Britain and spread
throughout the world,
resulting in social,
political, economic
changes equivalent to
those of the
agricultural revolution.
Agricultural Revolution (1800s)
• Shift from small scale • Resulted in change in
agricultural methods,
village farming to
technology, and a
large scale
shift of more people
commercial farming to
working on nonproduce large
agricultural jobs for
quantities of food for
the first time since the
industrial workers and
Neolithic Revolution.
growing populations.
Congress of Vienna
• Conference of
European diplomats
following the defeat of
Napoleon to redraw
the map of Europe
and restore the
balance of power.
• Results in the
formation of the
conservative
philosophy as those
in power fought to
retain their influence
in the face of
revolutionary ideals.
Proletariat
• Industrial working
• Growing in number
class. In Marxist theory
and influence during
the class that will
industrialization.
ultimately overthrow
the bourgeoisie
(wealthy middle-class).
Tennis Court Oath
• 3rd estate met at a
local tennis court, and
along with 1st estate
pledged to never
disband until they had
written a new
constitution for
France.
• Beginning of
moderate phase of
French Revolution
that showed
commoners desire to
gain equal status and
representation within
the government.
Conservatives
• Those who opposed
the revolutionary
goals that became
popular in early
1800s. Wanted to
retain their power and
wealth and keep the
“status quo.”
• Philosophy, along
with Liberalism, that
would come to
dominate political
ideology for centuries.
Liberals
• Those that followed
philosophy that
government should
be representative and
should guarantee
certain liberties &
freedoms to all
citizens. Promoted
equality and social
reform.
• Along with
Conservatism, would
serve as competing
political ideology for
centuries starting in
1800s.
Klemens von Metternich
• Wealthy Austrian
diplomat who led
Congress of Vienna.
Followed
Conservativism.
• Leader of meeting
that would shape
Europe for the next
century.
Otto von Bismark
• Prussian diplomat
and statesman (181598) who orchestrated
the unification of
Germany and
became chancellor
upon its unification in
1871.
• His policy of
realpolitik ushered in
a new age of politics
not just in Germany,
but in Europe overall.
Charles Darwin
• British naturalist
scientist who upon his
studies in the
Galapagos Islands
made a controversial
claim that all species
on earth developed
from a common origin
and was constantly
evolving.
• Evolutionary Theory
was an extremely
controversial theory
that challenged
traditional belief and
offered a new outlook
on human origins,
society, and life.
Franco-Prussian War
• War between France
& Prussia (1870-71)
that was orchestrated
by Bismark and was a
convincing Prussian
victory.
• Last step in German
unification process
that changed political
situation in Europe
significantly and
resulted in increased
bitterness between
two rival countries.
Suffrage
• The right to vote.
• Represented by the
movements to gain
voting rights for all
class, races, and
genders during the
1800 and 1900s.
Garibaldi & Cavour
• Military (Garibaldi) &
diplomatic (Cavour)
leaders of the Italian
unification process.
• Led the charge to
unify Italy into one
united nation from the
Alps to Sicily.
Crimean War
• Russia vs. France,
Great Britain, and
Ottoman Empire over
control of the northern
portion of the Black
Sea. Allied victory
over Russia.
• Generally considered
the first modern war.
Socialism
• Broad array of socioeconomic ideologies
that promote the
sharing of economic
resources and the
perfectibility of human
society.
• Took on many forms,
most notably the
extreme MarxistCommunist
philosophy that
became popular in
much of the Western
world in the 1800s.
Karl Marx & Frederick Engels
• Authors of the
Communist Manifesto
– a work that outlines
the struggles of the
proletariat class, the
faults of capitalism,
and the hopes of a
working class
revolution.
• Outlined the blueprint
for later socialist
theories and
communist leaders
like Lenin, Stalin, and
Mao.
Realpolitik
• Political philosophy
followed by Prussian
statesmen Otto von
Bismark that
preached practical,
not idealistic, politics.
• Resulted in formation
of united German
state and provided
basis for later political
leaders.
Romanticism
• Artistic style influenced
by the enlightenment
that was a revolt
against the aristocracy
as it focused on
emotions and nature.
• Became prominent
during 1800s.
Realism
• Artistic style that was
against romanticism
as it focused on
objective reality,
focused on every day
people and events.
Came about after
advent of
photography.
• Counter to
Romanticism that
produced new style of
art in the West.
Afrikaners
• Dutch descended
Europeans who
settled in South Africa
in early 1600s and
developed into their
own unique farming
community that was
segregated from
native population.
Warred with British
upon their arrival in
1800s.
• Had unique culture
and way of life. Root
of problem with
apartheid system, as
the Boers believed in
the segregation and
enslavement of the
native African
population.
Duma
• Legislative and
advisory body in
Russian government.
• Moved Russia more
towards a western
style government.
Berlin Conference
• Conference held in
Germany in 1884-85
over the process of
colonization in Africa.
Tensions had arisen
and a meeting was
called for European
leaders.
• Free trade, the
abolition of slavery,
and rules for
colonization were
established in order to
prevent further
conflict among
European powers in
Africa.
Sepoys
• Indian soldiers
recruited by British to
serve in army.
• Sepoys were shipped
all over the world as
part of British
Empire’s army.
Eventually revolted in
India in 1857 resulting
in more direct rule by
British.
Apartheid
• System of official
segregation that was
instituted in S. Africa
due to conflict
between Boers and
native Bantu
speakers
• Formal and unfair
racist system that
segregated society
not allowing majority
of population to have
basic freedoms.
Lasted until 1990.
Boer War
• War between British
and Boers (Dutch
descendents in S.
Africa) over control
over valuable land in
S. Africa. First war
won by Boers,
Second war won by
British in 1902.
• Conflict resulted in
secondary conflict
with native Zulus.
Resulted in creation
of Union of S. Africa,
apartheid policy, and
exploitation of native
Africans.
Muhammad Ali
• Albanian officer in
Ottoman army who,
with British support,
was able to take over
Egypt.
• Controversial figure
who helped
modernize Egypt
while also leading it
down a path towards
colonization by the
British.
Liberia
• One of two countries
• Along with Ethiopia,
that retained its
only country to not be
independence
taken over by
through the imperial
Europeans during
period. Was an area
scramble for Africa.
designated as a home
to former slaves from
the Americas.
Union of South Africa
• Country created after
the Boer War that
resulted in
combination of Boer,
British, and Bantu
peoples.
• Uneasy peace and
union was formed that
resulted in official
policy of apartheid,
decades of
mistreatment of
blacks.
David Livingstone
• Most renowned
adventurer,
missionary and doctor
who went to Africa to
gain converts. Was
adamently against
slavery.
• Traveled deep into
Africa and fought to
end slave trade while
also being critical of
European treatment
of natives.
Treaty of Nanjing
• One of many unequal
treaties signed by
Chinese with the
British after the
Opium War. Allowed
for opening of ports,
extraterritoriality
rights, reinstitution of
opium trade.
• Furthered downward
spiral of Qing Dynasty
and China’s ability to
resist European
influence.
Meiji Restoration
• Attempt to modernize
Japan after the
overthrow of the
Tokugawa Shogun ate
in 1860s. A new
constitution was
written, the economy
reformed, and samurai
privileges were
revoked.
• Marked period of
drastic change in
Japan, while still
retaining traditional
cultural beliefs (like
power of emperor as
a god through Shinto
beliefs).
Sino-Japanese War
• War between China
and Japan over
influence in Korea
won by Japan pretty
easily in 1895.
• Signaled the shift of
power in East Asia
from China to Japan.
Suez Canal
• Man made waterway
built to connect Red
and Mediterranean
Seas so that
Europeans (esp.
British) could more
easily and cheaply
travel to Asia.
• Required the
cooperation of
Egyptians, which
eventually is their
demise. As building
of canal stalls and
results in Egyptian
bankruptcy, the
British step in and
take over land and
canal.
Zulus
• Bantu speaking tribe
from South Africa that
were most famous for
the resistance against
the mighty British
army. Defeated
British at Battle of
Isandhlwana,
although eventually
defeated.
• Set example of native
resistance against
European control.
Won embarrassing
victory against British
army.
Ferdinand de Lessups
• French promoter and
businessman who
directed the
construction of the
Suez Canal.
• His poor management
helped lead the
Egyptians into debt,
resulting in British
takeover.
Battle of Fashoda
• Military conflict
between French and
British in 1898 over
control of territory in
Sudan.
• Won by British, which
established them as
dominant force in
Africa and set
precedent for British
intimidation over
French.
Cecil Rhodes
• British politician/
entrepreneur who led
colonization efforts in
Africa.
• Made it is his goal for
the British to colonize
and “civilize” all
inferior races & used
his wealth to
subsidize such
efforts.
Ottoman Society for Union and
Progress (Young Turks)
• Turkish nationalist
group that wanted to
promote western
reforms within
Ottoman Empire.
Eventually overthrew
sultan.
• Illustrated desire by
many within Ottoman
Empire to adopt
western
advancements in
order to maintain
power rather than be
taken over.
British Raj
• “Raj” means prince.
The British Raj is the
British rule over
Indian from 17501947.
• Gradual takeover of
India by British was
due to extreme profit
British envisioned
coming from this very
valuable colony.
Taiping Rebellion & Boxer
Rebellion
• Peasant rebellion against
Qing Dynasty in Southern
China that took almost 13
years to put down with
20-30 million Chinese
dying.
• Showed what poor
control Qing had over
their empire and the
amount of discontent in
China during this time.
Further weakened
Manchus.
• Rebellion in Northern
China led by martial arts
experts (hence the
name). Main contention
was against foreign
influence and Christianity.
Put down with help from
Western powers.
• Again showed inability of
Qing to manage its own
house, and illustrated
discontent with foreign
presence in China.
Thugee
• Organized band of
thieves in India who
robbed and murdered
travelers (esp.
British).
• Lawless nature
wreaked havoc on
British merchants and
showed native
feelings toward
foreign influence.
Admiral Matthew Perry
• American naval
commander who
sailed with an armada
to Japan in 1853 to
“request” they open
their ports for
American trade.
Japanese reluctantly
agree.
• Showed new
American presence in
E. Asia and the
methods Americans
were willing to use to
increase influence.
Also marked
beginning of rapid
growth and
westernization in
Japan.
Battle of Plassey
• Battle between British
and Mughal empire in
Northeast India
(Bangladesh) won by
British.
• Illustrated British
military might on both
land and sea and set
British on path to
slowly gain more and
more power all over
Northern India.
Russo-Japanese War
• War between rising
industrial powers
Russia and Japan in
1904-05. War was
surprisingly won by
Japanese giving them
access to ports north of
China.
• Marked first major
victory by an Asian
power over a
European foe.
Showed the growing
power in Japan.
White Man’s Burden
• Poem written by
British writer Rudyard
Kipling that presents
the process of
imperialism as either
a negative or positive
thing (depending on
your interpretation).
• Illustrated the feeling
many Europeans had
towards the process
of colonization in
African & Asia – that it
was the whites’ duty
to “civilize” the inferior
natives.
John Hay and Open Door Policy
• United States
Secretary of State
who sent a letter to
European powers
suggesting that China
should be open to
free trade rather than
limited by spheres of
influence.
• Led to more open
trade in China in early
1900s.
Sun Yat-Sen
• Western educated
Chinese leader who
gained significant
support and
eventually led
overthrow of Qing
Dynasty in 1911.
First president of
Chinese Republic.
• Helped establish
framework for modern
China and ended
dynastic system.
Was never able to
gain full control over
all of China, even
after revolution China
was divided.
Settler colonies vs. Non-settler
colonies
• Settler colonies were
colonies in African or Asia
that had significant white
European peoples
settling permanently in
the. Non-settler colonies
had a small white
population due to
significantly less
settlement among
Europeans.
• Settler colonies (like S.
Africa or Kenya) often
had much more conflict
as the white population
was treated much
differently by colonizing
country. Non-settler
colonies (Nigeria, Congo)
had much different
experiences.
Zamindar
• Local Indian officials
who answered to the
British administrators.
Collected taxes and
completed
administrative tasks.
• Allowed for natives to
remain somewhat in
control of daily affairs
and cut costs for
British.