Transcript Chapter 31 Decolonization and Nation Building By Salman Hamid

Hamid, Salman
AP World History
Per. 1
Decolonization
(Dana Stone/stockphoto.com)
New Nations in
South and
Southeast Asia
•After
the partition in 1947 Pakistan was strikingly
dissimilar, than India(Bulliet pg. 831).
•Pakistan was led mainly by military leaders, while India
was a secular republic led by Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru(Bulliet pg. 832).
• War between India and Pakistan broke out in 1947 over
Kashmir; the war though ended in a truce(Spodek pg. 704).
• The Japanese surprisingly supported anti-British Indian
nationalists, so they encouraged the dreams of some
anticolonialists in the countries they had occupied(Bulliet
pg. 832).
• In the Dutch Indies, Achmad Sukarno cooperated with the
Japanese hoping that the Dutch who had dominated this
region, would never return, which led to Dutch withdrawal
in 1949, and Sukarno became the dictator of this
underdeveloped island Indonesia, until
1965(www.Indosuk.com/history).
• Elsewhere in the region the British granted independence
to Burma in 1948, and in 1946 the U.S. kept its promise of
postwar independence for the Philippine Islands but
retained close economic ties and leases on military
bases(Spodek pg.665).
India-Pakistani War of 1947
(Bettmen, Corbis) New York:
Co.
The Struggle for
Independence
in Africa
The postwar French government were determined to hold on
to Algeria, from gaining its independence(Bulliet pg. 832).
• In 1954 the Algerian revolutionary organization, the Front de
Liberation National, as supported by Egypt and other Arab
countries acting on the principle that all Arabs should be able
to choose their governments(http://www.onwar.com).
• Algeria finally gained its independence, through harsh
struggles in 1962(http://www.mtholyoke.edu).
• Many young politicians devoted their lives to ridding their
homeland of Foreign occupation, such as Kwame Nkrumah
who in 1957 became the first prime minister of Ghana(Spodek
pg. 750).
• Nkrumah joined Kenyan nationalist Jomo Kenyatta, a Ph.D. in
anthropology to found an organization devoted to African
freedom(Andrea pg. 250).
• In 1947 Nkrumah returned to the Gold Coast to pursue
freedom, and in 1951 Nkrumah’s party won a decisive election;
the Gold Coast governor released him from prison and
appointed him governor(Bulliet pg. 833).
•
Kwame Nkrumah
(Dana Stone/stockphoto.com)
The Quest for
Economic Freedom
In Latin America
Latin American Independence from European rule was achieved more than a
hundred years earlier, but European and, by the nineteenth century American
economic domination continued(Bulliet pg. 835).
• Chile’s copper, Cuba’s sugar, Colombia’s coffee, and Guatemala’s bananas were
largely controlled from abroad(Bulliet pg. 835).
• In Mexico the revolutionary constitution of 1917 had begun an era of economic
nationalism that culminated in the expropriation of foreign oil interest in
1938(Bulliet pg. 835).
• Mexico’s problems derived only partly from the effects of foreign influence,
Guatemala’s situation was more representative(Andrea pg. 323).
• An American corporation, the United Fruit Company, was Guatemala’s largest
landowner; it also controlled much of the nation’s infrastructure, including port
facilities and railroads(2009 Princeton Review Edition pg. 258).
• Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, elected in 1951, was typical of Latin American leaders,
including Peron of Argentina and Vargas of Brazil(Spodek pg. 794).
• Arbenz attempted land reform, which would have transferred these fallow lands
to the nation’s rural poor; this threatened expropriation angered the U.S.(Spodek
pg. 794)
• CIA intervention removed Arbenz, which condemned Guatemala to decades of
government instability and growing violence between leftist and rightist elements
in society(Spodek pg. 794).
• In 1943, a treaty was granted for preferential treatment to Cuban sugar on the
American market in return for access to the Cuban market by American
manufacturers, by 1956 sugar accounted for 80 percent of Cuba’s exports and 25
percent of Cuba’s national income(Bulliet pg. 835).
• In 1959 a popular rebellion led by Fidel Castro forced Batista to flee the country, as
a result they quickly removed the existing military leadership, executed many
Batista supporters, and created a new military(Spodek pg. 795).
•
Jacobo Arbenz Guzman
(Jack B./google.com/images)
Andrea Alfred J., and James H. Overfield. The Human Record: Sources of Global History.
Fifth Edition. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005
• Armstrong, Monty, David Daniel, Alexandra Freer, and Abby Kanarek. Cracking the AP World
History Exam. 2009 Edition. New York: Random House, Inc., 2006
• Bulliet, Richard W. Pamela Kyle Croosley, Daniel R. Headrich, Steven W. Hirsh, Lyman L.
Johnson, David Northrup. The Earth and its Peoples: A Global History. Third Edition, Boston,
New York: Houghton Mifflin Co, 2005
• Spodek, Howard. The World’s History. Second Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,
2001.
• "The War of Independence." Http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~easokolo/algeria/1962.htm. Ed. John
M. 02 June 2009. The War of Independence. 02 June 2009 <15898-45897-46548-19987>.
• "Algerian War of Independence 1954-1962."
Http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/alpha/algeria1954.htm. 02 Feb. 2009. Algerian War of
Independence 1954-1962. 02 Feb. 2009 <Algerian War of Independence 1954-1962>.
• Ho. Co. "Indi-Paki Warfare." Www.Indosuk.com/history. 19 Jan. 2009.
Www.Indosuk.com/history. 19 Jan. 2009 <16897-54688-56499-46879>.
•
Decolonization and Nation Building
(Jack B./google.com/images)