Transcript Chapter 4 - Greece and Iran, 1000

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(http://www.alefblog.com/img/iran01.jpg)
Key:
(S) – Social
(A) - Art
(P) – Political
(M) – Military
(R) – Religion
(G) - Geography
(I) - Intellectual
(T) – Technological
(E) - Economical
Key Terms: Underlined
and Bolded
CHAPTER 4: GREECE AND
IRAN
Ancient Iran ~ Geography
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Iran is known as the “land of the Aryans”. (Geography)
Western Asia, southern Asia, and Central Asia are all
connected by Iran. ( Bulliet 93) (Geography)
To the west of Iran the Zagros mountains are located. (Geography) (http://www.virtualsources.com/Countries/M
iddle%20East%20Countries/ir-map.gif)
In the northern section of Iran you will find the Caucasus Mountains, as well as the
Caspian sea more towards the northwest. (Geography)
The Baluchistan desert is also located in Iran in the east and southeast section.
(Geography)
The Persian gulf is also located in the southwestern region of Iran. (Geography)
Iran has several high mountains in the edge, salt deserts in the middle, and plateaus
with mountain streams that drain into seas, salt lakes, or marshes. (Geography)
The more you moved to the south and the east, the higher the aridity was, which
caused the population to decrease. (Bulliet 94) (Geography)
The mountains provided Iran with fuel and materials for building and crafts,
because of the trees. (Geography)
The mineral recourses of Iran were copper, tin, iron gold, and silver. (Bulliet 96)
(Geography)
The Rise of the Persian Empire
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(https://trcs.wikispaces.com
/Cyrus+the+Great07)
Cyrus is depicted in the
picture above.
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Iranians were a group of people who all shared related languages and cultures
that were spread all throughout western and Central Asia. (Intellectual)
Medes, or Mada in Iranian, were the first to reach a level of political organization.
(Political)
The Medes had a very important role in destructing the Assyrian Empire in the 7th
century B.C.E. (Military)
The Medes reached the Persian gulf where other Iranians were already established,
known as the Persians. (Military)
Persian rulers would marry Median rulers so that they could establish their role in
the Median court. (Political)
The line of rulers was known as Achaemenids because their ancestor’s name was
Achaemenes.(Political)
Cyrus was the son of a Median princess and a Persian chieftain; he was known for
overthrowing the Median monarch around 550 B.C.E and uniting Persian
tribes.(Political)
The three classes of the Iranians were: warriors, priests, and peasants, with warriors
being the most dominant. Priest were known as Magi and were ritual specialist who
overlooked sacrifices. Commoners were usually farmers. (Social)(Military)(Religion)
Cyrus was a great conqueror and completely changed the map of western Asia in
his two decades of ruling. This was mostly due his propaganda.
(Geography)(Political)
Darius I followed as ruler after the death of Cambyses, which was Cyrus’ son.
Darius I spread the empire nearly as far as Greece and expanded through the
Indus valley into western Europe. (Bulliet 96) (Political)
Imperial Organization and
Ideology
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/reli
gions/zoroastrian/images/mainpro
mo.jpg)
To the right, the symbol of Zoroastrianism
is shown.
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Darius I is also viewed as a second founder of the Persian Empire because he was the
creator of a new organizational structure that lasted for the rest of the empire’s existence.
(Political)
The Persian Empire was divided into twenty provinces with each being ruled by satrap,
which was like a governor. Satrap were usually related to the royal family. Satrap had to
collect and send tribute to the king, which was often collected in metal.
(http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MESO/PERSIANS.HTM)(Political)
Roads were built to connect the provinces to the center of the empire. (Geography)
(Technology)
The administrative center was located in Susa. (G)
Women were used to gain political power. (Political)
Paradayadam, or paradise, was a green oasis that was used to prove what loyalty to the
king could provide you with. (Bulliet 97)(Political)
Sculptures often showed people bringing gifts to the kings, which was thought to be a
yearly tradition, however it was propaganda. (Art)
Ahuramazda was the God of their religion, Zoroastrianism. (Religion)
Gathas were the hymns of the Zoroastrianism and were written by Zoroaster. (Religion)
Zoroastrianism had an influence on both Judaism and Christianity because they believed in
one deity and promised salvation. (Bulliet 99) (Religion)
Greece ~ Geography
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Greece is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west.
(Geography)
The ranges of the Alps are located to the north.
(Geography)
In the east, the Syrian desert is located. (Geography)
Towards the south, you will find the Sahara. (Geography)
The climate of this area is usually uniform with similar
seasons, plants, and animals. (Bulliet 101) (Geography)
Greek civilization began near the Aegean Sea in the
Greek mainland, islands of Aegean, and the western coast
of Anatolia. (Bulliet 102) (Geography)
Greece had several natural harbors which allowed trade
and cultural diffusion through boat. (Geography)(E)
Wine and olive was exchanged for wheat on boat trips
that were easily made to Palestine, Egypt and Carthage.
(Geography) (Environment)
Because Greece had so little land, they colonized to
relieve population and obtain raw materials. (Geography)
Greece is a peninsula that is between the Aegean and
Mediterranean Seas. (Geography)(Princeton 107)
Map of Ancient Greece.
(http://www.goshenschoolsny
.org/Schools/GHS/Websites
/Special%20Education/JWe
ir/English%2010/map_of_A
ncient_Greece.jpg)
(http://mccandlessa.peopl
e.cofc.edu/agora_plan.jp
g)
Emergence of the Polis
Layout of a typical
agora in ancient Greece.
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Greece’s Dark Age (1150-800 B.C.E) was a period when the whole Aegean region and Greece were isolated from the res
of the world. (Geography)(Environment)
The Phoenicians revived Greece’s contact with world and started the Archaic Period. They also provided Greece with a
writing system of 22 symbols. (Inellectual)(Geography)
The alphabet is said to be used for economic purposes at first. Soon it was used for literature, law codes, religious
dedications, and epitaphs on gravestones. (Environment)(Religion)(Political)(Intellectual)(Bulliet 102)
The polis was a very important political structure of Greece. It was basically like a city state. Each polis had the same
religion and culture. (Kaplan 77) (Political)
The acropolis that was located “ on the top of the city” was a place of refuge during emergencies. (Social)(Geography)
The agora, which meant “gathering place”, was used for meetings where the citizens could ratify the decisions made by their
leaders and weapons were also lined up before military actions were taken. (Social)(Geography)
Government buildings were also located in the agora, and it eventually turned into a marketplace that was surrounded by
fortified walls. (Social)(Economic)(Political)(Bulliet 105)
The hoplites were a new kind of warfare, which consisted of infantrymen that were armed with spears and swords and
fought close together. (Bulliet 106) (Military)
Tyrants, which were people who took over a government without permission and in violation of the usual rules, began to
take over the city-states in the mid-seventh and sixth centuries B.C.E. (Political)
The Greeks eventually overthrew the tyrants and founded democracy, which was that all free adult males had political
power. However, despite the fact that democracy gave people a lot more freedom, it also ironically required slavery in
order to work. (Bulliet 107) (Politcal)
Sacrifice was very important in Greek religion and was one of the most important rituals, which was performed in the altars
in the front of temples. (Bulliet 108) (Religion)
New Intellectual Currents
http://www.usu.edu/mar
kdamen/ClasDram/imag
es/02/herodotus.jpg
Herodotus
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Individualism became an important of ancient Greece during the Archaic Period.
(Intellectual)
Examples of this individualism are the colonist who began new lives as they traveled away
from their homeland, as well as tyrants who established a new form of government on their
own. (Political) (Intellectual)
Individualism was also shown in the poems found from the Archaic Period, in which the poet
would write about themselves and their feelings. (Intellectual) (Bulliet 108)
The pre-Socratic philosophers began questioning the religion of the time. (Intellectual)
One philosopher, Xenophanes, questioned the gods that were described by Homer saying
that if horses and camels had hands they would make their gods resemble themselves as
well, so how would one know that gods were really human- like. (Intellectual)
The Greeks also came up with a new advanced theory of atoms, which basically said that
indivisible, microscopic particles made up the substances of the world. (Intellectual)
Logographers were also important at the time because they began to write prose accounts
and took data on different topics, as well as stored information. (Intellectual)
These logographers were the first to not write in poetry but instead in the form of everyday
speech. (Intellectual)
Historia was the name of the actual method of collecting information. (Intellectual)
Herodotus published his histories in the mid-fifth century and was more interested in WHY
things happened in history rather than just recording the information. This gave him the title
(http://www.sikyon.com/athens/Monuments/athens_view1.jpg)
Athens and Sparta
Ancient Athens
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Athens and Sparta were the most important city-states of the last Archaic period and Classical
periods. (Geography)(Political)
Sparta’s ancestors went into Peloponnese, which was in the southernmost part of Greece around
1000 B.C.E. (Geography) (Bulliet 108)
Sparta was a military camp that was always prepared for war. (Military)
Helots worked land and then would give the food they grow to Spartan masters. This allowed the
Spartans to focus on military preparation and not have to worry about producing food. (Military)
The Spartans had the best army due to always being prepared for a battle, while the other
Greek militia only worked during a crisis. (Military)
The military strength that Sparta had had a downside. All economic, political, and cultural
activities were paused. Arts and poetry was almost non-existent. (Art) (Economic) (Political)
Athens covered a very large area and had a high population compared to the other city states. It
was located in the whole entire region of Attica.(Social)(Geography) (Bulliet 110)
Athens had a democratic government with limitations because only free adults males could
participate in the government. (Political)
Solon was an aristocrat who mediated between classes. Aristocrats were allowed to keep land.
However, the debts were canceled and debt slavery was banned. (Social)
Pericles evolved the democratic government and created the Assembly, Council of 500, and
People’s courts. He also encouraged poetry, philosophy, science, and arts. (Art) (Polotical) (Bulliet
110) (Lupinskie-Huvane 59)
Early Encounters of Persia and Greece/
The Height of Athenian Power
Trireme
http://students.ou.edu/E/Ryan.C.Emric
k-1/greek_trireme.JPG
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The fail of the Ionian Revolt, an uprising of the Greek and other peoples near the western frontier, led to the Persian Wars.
(Military)
The Persian Wars were two attacks that Persia led on Athens during the early fifth century B.C.E. The Delian League was
formed in 477 B.C.E to protect Greece against the Persians. Eventually, the Greeks defeated the Persians. (Military) (Bulliet
111)
States were not allowed to leave the Delian League. If they attempted to do so, they would be stripped of their defenses
and forcefully brought back. (Political) (Military)
The trireme was invented in the late sixth century B.C.E. It soon became the best warship because it was sleek and fast and
required 170 rowers to power it. (Military) (Technological)
Rowers were part of the lower classes, while hoplites were parts of the middle and upper class. However, the rowers soon
began to ask for full rights because they had very important role in providing protection for the community. (Social)
(Military)(Bulliet 112)
Piraeus, the port of Athens, became the most important commercial center in the eastern Mediterranean. (Economic)
The money made from this port supported the expensive democracy of Greece and allowed new buildings to be built, such
as the temple of Parthenon at Athens. (Economic)
Festivals and cultural achievements were able to occur because of the profit of the empire. Without profit, the dramas of
Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, as well as the comedies of Aristophanes would not have the ability to be performed.
(Art) (Intellectual) (Economic)
“Sophist”, or wise men, often went to Athens to teach those who would pay for their lessons. Those who learned from the
lessons of Sophist would have an advantage in politics and the courts. (Intellectual) (Economical)
Socrates was a philosopher who used the system of question and answer to discover ethics and morality. His student, Plato,
would write down his thoughts; this was called dialogues. Socrates said that, “ The unexamined life is not worth living,”
which focused on personal integrity. Unfortunately, Socrates was sentenced to death and forced to drink a poison called
hemlock. (Intellectual) (Lupinskie-Huvane 63)
Inequality in Classical Greece/ Failure of
City States and Triumph of the
Alexander the Great in
Macedonians
one of his conquests
In reality, only about ten to fifteen percent of the Athenian
http://scrapetv.com/News/News%20Pages/Every
population participated in the democracy – only free adult males(Political)
one%20Else/images-3/Alexander-the-great.jpg
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Slaves were often foreign and were about one third of the population. Most families owned one or two
slaves. (Social)
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Women in Sparta had more freedom and were more outspoken than the other women of Greece. They had
to raise strong children. (Social)
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Marriage was unfair in Athens because the men often made deals with their wife's parents to get married to
them and women had no say in who they married. The purposes of marriages was to make children, and
even better male children. (Social)
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Husbands and wife did not talk often and had very little contact. (Social) (Bulliet 114)
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The Peloponnesian War began in 431 B.C.E and was between Athenian and Spartan alliances. The war
began over a dispute over the city of Corinth. (Princeton 108) ( Princeton 109) (Military)
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While this war went on, the Athenians and Spartans lost power, and the Macedonians began to gain power.
Soon enough, the Macedonian king, King Phillip II gained control over Greece. (Kaplan 78) (Military)
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King Phillip II was assassinated in 336 B.C.E and his son and heir, Alexander took over. (Political)
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Alexander became known as Alexander the Great and was a great conqueror. (Political)
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Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire and towards the east to the Indus Valley. (Princeton 109)
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(Military)
Blue – Antigonid Green- Seleucids Orange - Ptolemies
Hellenistic Synthesis
http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram
/images/05/MapHellenisticKingdoms.jpg
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Alexander the Great died suddenly at 32 in 323 B.C.E and had left no plans for his succession whatsoever.
(Political)
After all the chaos following his death calmed down, the empire broke down into three kingdoms: Seleucid,
Ptolemaic, and Antigonid. (Political)
Each kingdom was ruled by Macedonian dynasty and each had their own set of problems. (Political)
The “Hellenistic Age” was a period of great Greek influence in northeastern Africa and western Asia.
(Social) (Bulliet 116)
The Seleucids kept the administrative structure of the Persian system. They also kept Greek-style cities.
However, the Seleucids had a lack of Greek soldiers, engineers, and other professionals. (Intellectual)
(Political)
The Ptolemies dynasty was in control over Egypt, and for some period Syria-Palestine. Alexandria was
the capital for the Ptolemies dynasty and was actually laid out by Alexander the Great himself. (Political)
(Bulliet 117)
The Antigonid dynasty ruled in Europe in the Macedonian homeland. Unlike the Seleucids and Ptolemies
dynasty, the Antigonid dynasty had little hostility. (Geography) (Military) (Bulliet 118)
Athens became a museum with memories of the past and a university town as well with people from all
parts of the Mediterranean and western Asia. (Intellectual)
Alexandria was also famous for its Library with many volumes and for its Museum, “House of the Muses”,
which had the greatest works of poets, doctors, and scientist of the day. (Intellectual) (Art)
Aristarchus was an astronomer that said that the Earth was actually not the center of the universe, but in
reality that the sun was center of universe. He also calculated the distances and sizes of the moon and sun.
(Intellectual) (Bulliet 119)
Bibliography
-Books:
 Bulliet, Richard. The Earth and Its Peoples. Third
Edition. New York City: Houghton Mifflin Company,
2005.
 Armstrong, Monty. Cracking the AP World History
Exam. 2006-2007 ed. New York: Random House,
Inc., 2006. Print.
- Flashcard:
 Lupinskie-Huvane, Lorraine. AP World History Flash
Cards. Hauppauge: Barrons, 2006. Print.
Bibliography (Continued)
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Images:
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