Transcript Chapter 14 - Political and Military Transformations

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Monarchs, Nobles, and Clergy
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olution/searchimages/11.j
pg
Hereditary Monarchs: Occupied the top of the political pyramid but had
restricted powers.
Nobles : Vassals looked out to limit the monarch’s power and protect their own
rights (Bulliet 368).
•Their economic and social status depended their estate (Bulliet 368).
•They were ranked second in social class but in return, they served as servants
to the king (http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_nobles_in_the_medieval_times)
•Knights : Mounted warriors normally coming from noble-birth
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/knights )
• Highlight of western European fighting forces (Bulliet 368)
• Two changes in weaponry brought big changes
1.
Arrow
a. Improved crossbows could cut through helmets and thin body armor
(Bulliet 368).
b. Professional crossbowmen were paid and at one point they were one
of the most feared people (Bulliet 368).
c. in 1139, the church banned the use of crossbows against Christians but
the law was completely ignored (Bulliet 368).
2.
Firearm
a. Weakened the feudal system
b. Was a Chinese invention
c. Used “gunpowder to shoot stone or metal projectiles” which later on
evolved into bullets.
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The Church refused royal control.
In 1302, Pope Boniface VIII declared
that divine law made the pope
superior to everyone (monarchs
included) except for God (Bulliet
370).
In response to the pope’s claim of
seniority, King Philip arrested the
pope and made a new papal
residence at Avignon in 1309
(http://www.culturalcatholic.com/P
opeBonifaceVIII.htm).
The Great Western Schism, between
1378 and 1415, weakened papal
authority even further when papal
claimants in both Rome and
Avignon fought for the loyalty of
Latin Christians.
(http://www.holycross.edu/departm
ents/visarts/projects/kempe/pilgrima
ge/rome_papal.htm).
To resolve the conflict, the papal
residence was moved back to its
original location: Rome (Bulliet 370).
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An extensive conflict between the king of France and
his vassals from 1337 to 1453
(http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/archive/hundredyearswar.cfm?CFID=13663377&CFTOKEN
).
The conflict led to a transformation of politics and
warfare (Bulliet 371).
The cause of the war was a marriage alliance.
Princess Isabella (French) married King Edward II
(England) to guarantee the English loyalty to the
French monarchy (Bulliet 371).
In 1337 their son King Edward III claimed the French
throne after it was presented to someone else
(http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/100yearswar.htm).
Other vassals decided to participate in fighting for
the French throne (Bulliet 371).
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Military technology or warfare was one the highlights of
the war (http://xenophongroup.com/montjoie/hyw_fp.htm).
While the French used crossbows, the English used
longbows (Bulliet 371).
The longbows almost destroy the entire French army.
In order to better shield themselves, armor became
heavier which made the knights defenseless.
Newly improved cannons were used towards the end
of the Hundred Years War which came to successfully
destroy dwellings such as castles and towns
(http://www.essortment.com/all/whatwashundre_rgei.htm).
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ges/Joan_of_Arc_outside_Orleans.gif
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Joan of Arc was a young French peasant woman (Bulliet
371).
According to her, she had visions from God that instructed
her to recover her homeland from English domination
(http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/).
She stopped the English winnings and led to French victory.
Joan was captured at Compiègne by the Burgandians and
later sold to the English. The English held a trial for her and
accused her of witchcraft and heresy and she was burned at
the stake
(http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/joanarc.
html).
Many blame King Charles VII of France for not interfering or
even attempting to stop Joan’s death.
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New monarchies were different from that of medieval ancestors
1. Greater centralized power in France (Bulliet 371)
2. More fixed “national” boundaries (Bulliet 371)
3. Stronger representative institutions (Bulliet 371)
After the Hundred Years War, English monarchs tried to regain control of
the British Isles but the Scots defended the British Isles
The French monarchs tried to domesticate the independence of their
strong vassals.
Several strategies were used to pay for armies (Bulliet 372)
1. Nobles were encouraged to make payments instead of providing
military service.
2. Charles VII of France taxed his vassals which allowed him to pay
money owed for the last years of the Hundred Years War
(http://xenophongroup.com/montjoie/chas_vii.htm)
Merchants would be taxed in order to also pay for the war
(http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw07war100king
s.htm).
The church would also provide money (Bulliet 372).
In the end of the 15th century the power would switch from the church
to the monarchs
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Growth of Spain and Portugal was due to struggle between kings
and vassals , certain marriages, and warfare (http://historyworld.org/iberian_golden_age.htm).
The reconquest of Iberia from Muslims was also a religious battle
(Bulliet 372)
The reconquest happened over several centuries with dissimulation
such as when the Christian knights took Toledo
(http://www.todayinhistory.de/index.php?lang=en&what=ged&sdt
=20050616).
The event that changed the pace at which changes were
occurring was the Christian victory in 1212 which broke the main
structure of Muslim control in Iberia.
By 1249, there was only one small kingdom controlled by the
Muslims (Bulliet 372).
In 1492, when Spain and Portugal had rid the territory of Muslim
power, Spain banned all Muslims and Jews from their land and
Portugal banned all Jews (Bulliet 373).
1. What were the two weapons which changed the central military role?
A. arrow and sword
B. battle axe and sword
C. arrow and firearm
D. sword and firearm
E. battle axe and arrow
2. Which of the following is NOT true of the Hundred Years War?
A. Joan of Arc helped drive the English from France.
B. One of the causes was the political entanglement of the English and
French royal families.
C. The war had little effect on domestic affairs in England or France.
D. The victory over England helped France to centralize their government.
E. The warfare improved greatly during this time period?
3. In what year did the Christian victory change the pace at which the
reconquest was moving?
A. 1042
B.1245
C. 1139
D. 1212
E. 1043
1. The Earth and Its Peoples,
By Richard W. Bulliet, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L.
Johnson, and David Northrup
2005
Houghton Mifflin Company, 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116-3764
2. http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_OGh1dEj7EM/SQeP0wbaX5I/AAAAAAAACCk/sJmEWMa_YtY/s400/monarchy.jpg
3. http://archive.joan-of-arc.org/
4. http://www.chnm.gmu.edu/revolution/searchimages/11.jpg
5. http://www.culturalcatholic.com/PopeBonifaceVIII.htm
6. http://www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/knights
7. http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/joanarc.html
8.http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/archive/hundredyearswar.cfm?CFID=13663377&CFTOKEN=49738235
&jsessionid=ea30a522bf52a3f81d3ae356b1f1a28724f5
9. http://www.essortment.com/all/whatwashundre_rgei.htm
10. http://history-world.org/iberian_golden_age.htm
11.http://www.holycross.edu/departments/visarts/projects/kempe/pilgrimage/rome_papal.htm
12. http://www.hyperhistory.net/apwh/essays/comp/cw07war100kings.htm
13. http://www.inillotempore.com/blog/images/Joan_of_Arc_outside_ Orleans. gif
14. http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/hundred-years-war.htm
15. http://www.theotherside.co.uk/tm-heritage/background/100yearswar.htm
16. http://www.todayinhistory.de/index.php?lang=en&what=ged&sdt=20050616
16. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_nobles_in_the_medieval_times
17. http://www.xenophongroup.com/montjoie/chas_vii.htm .