Transcript Argentina and Brazil chapter 30

By: Stephanie Johnson
3 rd period
AP world history
Mr. Marshall
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In the 1800s Argentinean economy was comprised of two
exports. First the hides of longhorn Creole cattle and second
the wool of merino sheep. These animals grazed on the famous
Argentinean pampas , which were similar to American prairies.
(Bulliet, 811).
Soon refrigerator ships allowed Argentineans to export their
meats to Europeans, as a result they reshaped the pampas.
Creole cattle and merino sheep created tough meat, Europeans
disliked this. (Bulliet, 811)
The Argentineans resorted to artificial selection to create soft
meat , the pampas which had once been wide open flat
grasslands , had become farmland. (Spodek, 779)
Argentinean land was controlled by a small wealthy group
called oligarquia. The government followed these elite few.
They frequently travelled to Europe where they spent much.
Foreign countries and enterprises built much of the
Argentinean infrastructure , such as their railroads ,
particularly the British. In return their imports came solely
from Europe and the United States. (McCannon, 383).
Although on the surface free from Europeans , Argentina was
essentially leeching onto the, They participated actively in
Latin American mercantilism (Armstrong, 328)
At the time of the Great Depression, United States private
investments in South America reached 3.5 billion dollars.
Foreign investments paid for mining, agriculture , railway lines
and expenses of ocean shipping. (Spodek, 779)
Argentinean Pampas
http://www.destination360.com/southamerica/argentina/pampas.php
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Before WWI Brazil produced most of the worlds coffee and cacao. Like
the Argentineans, they spent much money building grand estates
copying European design particularly in a city called Rio de Janeiro.
The Brazilians also let British companies build their infrastructure
(Spodek, 788)
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Argentina and Brazil had very similar social structure. Their middle
class was very outspoken and they admired European people.
However under the middle class was the poor. In Argentina these
civilians were normally Spanish or Italian immigrants. In Brazil a
majority were descendents of slaves(Bulliet, 812)
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World War I disrupted both Argentinean and Brazilian economy.
These countries had relied heavily on European imports ,however,
with the outbreak of war the inflow was halted. The United states
became the prime importer to Argentina and Brazil, as well as main
consumers of coffee. As such the elite class lost power and the middle
class emerged. They gained universal male suffrage and elected a
liberal president named Hipolito Irigoyen.(Spodek, 788)
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Brazil and Argentina actually prospered economically after WWI ,
trade continued after the war and profits gained were used to further
improve their infrastructure. However they were lacking in social
balance. The middle class was fighting more and more for a larger
voice in government (Bulliet, 812).
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Radio technologies improved after the war, however the cost to fund
transmitters was very large and most South American countries could
not afford it. Thus in 1919 the Argentinean president agreed to a radio
concession from a German country. When other European countries
protested a radio cartel was formed. Controlled by British , French ,
German and American representatives (Bulliet, 812).
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These countries gained profit from the South American radio
communications. Latin American countries on the other hand became
furthermore dependant on their European providers. (Armstrong,
227).
Cathedral in Rio de Jainero
http://www.brazil.com/images/brazil/old_cat
hedral_wiki.jpg
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The depression had lasting effects on South America. When
Europeans cut their orders, value of their exports fell by two-thirds
(McCannon, 384).
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Authoritarian regimes began to take over. In 1930 Getulio Vargas
proclaimed himself president of Brazil. Under him industrial
production had doubled. Vargas instated a policy called ImportSubstitution Industrialization, which would prove monumental for
Brazil and play an important role in guiding other Latin American
countries (http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/vargas.htm)
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Brazil’s industrialization also had effects on the environment. Mines
were reopened and peasants moved to the cities. Steep hillsides
became the site for slums called flavelas (Bulliet, 813).
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The countryside became a place for change, scrubs were turned into
farmland. Additionally many acres were lost in the Amazon
rainforest(Bulliet, 813).
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Vargas instituted various laws and policies that contributed to the
working and urban class. However, nothing was done for the very
poor. This would ultimately cause dramatic changes with communist
and fascist movements.(Bulliet, 813).
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Vargas was very conservative and practiced extreme right policies. He
followed the example of fascist Italy and Germany (McCannon, 384).
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In 1938 Vargas turned Brazil into a Fascist state when he got rid of the
his constitution abolished all opposition including political parties
(Bulliet, 813).
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In the end Vargas harmed Brazil as well as much of South America.
Ultimately, he was overthrown in 1954. (Bulliet, 813)
Getulio Vargas
http://www.debatepolitico.com/uploads/ge
tulio-vargas.jpg
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The consequences of the depression were immediate for Argentina's
economy, they were possibly the Latin American country that suffered
the most. The effects for politics were far more delayed. Previous to
the year 1930 President Irigoyen governed ,however , General Uriburu
overthrew him. He served the oligarquia and ignored the middle
class. (Spodek, 789)
In 1943 a military revolt took place where Colonel Juan Peron
overthrew the Uriburu government and was inspired by Nazi
victories. Military officers began taking the highest positions in
government ,however, they began spending money lavishly on
military equipment and their salaries (Bulliet, 814).
Peron appealed to women and children by campaigning for their
social benefits. In 1946 he won the presidency and created a populist
dictatorship (Bulliet, 814).
Argentina industrialized rapidly under Peron, however the
government spent recklessly on social welfare projects and ultimately
lessened state capital. Shortly after his wife Eva died he was
overthrown by a military coup (McCannon, 385).
Before the year 1910 Mexico , Argentina and Brazil had gone through
similar paths. They all had unbalanced relationships with
industrialized countries of Europe and Latin America. Additionally,
they all struggled with their middle class and lower class
populations.(Bulliet, 815).
However, politically they were all very distinct . Argentina and Brazil
were guided by authoritarian regimes whilst Mexico went through a
period of intense social revolution.(Bulliet, 815).
Juan Peron
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/st/~larson/p
eron.jpg
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