Transcript Cell Organelles and Functions

Cell Organelles
and Functions
• Prokaryotic – simple, single celled
organisms that have NO (rhymes with
Pro-) true nucleus. Genetic material
not separated from rest of cell by any
membrane.
– Can exist in a large range of
environments.
• They can live in hot, harsh temperatures
• They can live without oxygen
• Some can even make their own food
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• Eukaryotic – cells that contain a true
nucleus. (YOU (sounds like Eu-) have
a nucleus)
– Genetic material separated from rest of
cell by a membrane
– Considered to be complex (compared to
prokaryotic) and formed by
endosymbiosis of prokaryotes
– Houses various organelles that do
specific jobs within the cell
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What is an organelle?
• An organelle is a structure that
carries out specific activities in the
cell.
– Term means “little organ”
• Obviously, it’s not an organ, as it’s smaller
than a cell...
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Cell Membrane
• Boundary of cell
• Regulates what enters and leaves
• Made mostly of phospholipid bilayer
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Cytoplasm
• Gel like substance inside cell where
organelles are housed.
• Where most cellular activities occur
• Many biomolecules necessary for the
cell processes are dissolved there.
• Used as transport medium for
ribosomes and other organelles
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Nucleus
• internal compartment that houses
DNA (genetic material)
• Also contains a nucleolus, which
makes ribosomes.
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Ribosomes
• Responsible for protein synthesis
(making protein)
• Not bound by a membrane
• May be found floating free in the
cytoplasm or attached to
Endoplasmic Reticulum (making it
ROUGH ER)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
(ER)
• Rough -Long system of membranes
throughout cell and connected to
nucleus.
• Ribosomes are connected to the
membrane
– (which makes it rough)
• moves proteins
through cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Smooth- does not contain ribosomes
(looks smooth).
• Primarily functions to makes lipids
• Also breaks down some toxic
substances (especially in the liver)
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Golgi Apparatus
• Flattened membrane bound sacs
• Packs (into vesicles) and distributes
materials throughout the cell - gathers
simple molecules and combines them to make
molecules that are more complex
• Makes lysosomes
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Lysosome
• Small, spherical organelles (vesicles)
that contain enzymes for digesting
things: food, cell parts, other cells...
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mitochondria
• Organelle that gets energy (ATP) from
organic compounds.
• AKA “Powerhouse of the cell” “Mighty”
• Has its own DNA (left-over from before
endosymbiosis)
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Vacuole
• Membrane bound space that stores
materials: food, water, wastes
• In plants central vacuole stores water
and other substances and is much
larger than in animals.
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Chloroplast
• Organelles that use light energy to
make carbohydrates
• Full of chlorophyll (why it’s green)
• Has it’s own
DNA (endosymbiosis)
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Cell wall
• Rigid structure found outside cell
membrane of plants.
• Made of proteins and carbohydrates
(cellulose)
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