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World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP® Seventh Edition
Chapter
4
Classical Civilization:
India
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Chapter Overview
I. The Framework for Indian History:
Geography and Culture
II. Patterns in Classical India
III.Political Institutions
IV.Religion and Culture
V. Economy and Society
VI.Indian Influence and Comparative
Features
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 4.1 The cave temples carved out of
solid stone at Ajanta in central India provide
dramatic evidence of the religious fervor that
swept through south Asia in the age of the
Buddha and the Hindu revival.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
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TIMELINE
1600 B.C.E.–1 C.E.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
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Some Key Terms
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Varnas
Monsoons
Aryan
Untouchables
Dharma
Ashoka
Gupta
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Original Source Exercise: Caste
• http://legacy.fordham.edu/halsall/india/manu-full.asp
• What was the basis of social divisions in ancient India?
--Are there higher and lower castes? How is this hierarchy
portrayed in this document?
--What duties and responsibilities did each caste have? Why
did these differences exist?
--Do you think that this social system based on different
duties would ensure a stable society?
--What restrictions existed to prevent movement from
caste to caste?
--Do you see evidence of individual rights or concerns?
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
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What purpose might the caste
system serve?
• Accommodation of new groups
• Maintenance of old culture
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
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• Justification
– Karma
– Reincarnation
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Framework for Indian History:
Geography and a Formative Period
• Period of Aryan Incursions
– Buddhists and brahmans shape society
 Hindu way of life, less coherent political
culture
– Gupta dynasty emerges
 Successful barbarian raiders
 brahmans, Hindu, patronage
– Peak of artistic, intellectual achievement
– Distinct from Chinese developments
 Secular political culture, with religion added.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Framework for Indian History:
Geography and Culture
• Formative Influences
– Open to influences from the Middle East
 Alexander the Great
– Geography
 Himalayas
•
•
•
•
Isolating, but passable
Mountainous northern areas – herders
Agriculture – rivers
Southern coastal rim
 Semitropical climate
• Monsoon rains
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Framework for Indian History:
Geography and Culture
• Brahman Culture
– Aryans
 Indo-European pastoralists
 Into Asia Minor, Europe, Iran from 2000s
B.C.E.
 Social Classes (varnas)
• Untouchables
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Framework for Indian History:
Geography and Culture
• Brahman Culture
– Sanskrit epics of the Vedic Age
 Rig-Veda
• 1028 hymns
 Indra
– Epic Age, 1000–600
B.C.E.
 The Upanishads
– Ritual and mysticism in religion
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Patterns in Classical India
• End of formative era, c.600 B.C.E.
– From c. 600 to c. 300 B.C.E. plains divided
among rulers
– Sixteen major states
– 327 B.C.E., Alexander the Great
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Patterns in Classical India
• The Mauryan Dynasty
– Chandragupta Maurya, 322
B.C.E.
 Autocratic rule
– Ashoka (269–232
B.C.E.)
 Grandson of Chandragupta
 Conversion to Buddhism; belief in dharma
• Becomes pacific, vegetarian
• Infrastructure: roads, hospitals, inns
 Opposed by Brahmans
– Kushans follow end of Mauryan rule
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
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Map 4.1 India at the Time of Ashoka
Although, as the map shows, the Mauryan
monarchs claimed to rule most of present-day
South Asia, much of the subcontinent was only
loosely controlled.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 4.2 Two of the four lions that
originally sat atop the Ashoka column at
Sarnath, in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India
(this view of the sculpture obscures the other
two lions). This sculpture, now housed at the
Sarnath Museum, was carved from a single
sandstone block. Ashoka used the lions as the
emblem of his rule.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Map 4.2 The Gupta Empire
Not only was the territory claimed by the Gupta
dynasty a good deal smaller than the empire of
their Mauryan predecessors, even the area
controlled was ruled to a far greater extent by
local lords than the Gupta emperors.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Patterns in Classical India
• The Guptas
– Collapse of Kushan state by 220
C.E.
 Autocratic rule
– Guptas
 From 320 C.E.
 Long period of stable rule
 Overthrown by Huns in 535
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
C.E.
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Pearson Education, Inc.
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Political Institutions
• Consistent tradition of regionalism
– Attempts to hold large areas
 Mauryan rulers rely on armies
 Guptas create taxation system, claim divine
sanction
– In general simple political culture
 Kautilya is an exception
• Chandragupta's chief minister
• Treatise on politics
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
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Political Institutions
• Social organization
– Caste system becomes more rigid
– Yet social mobility existed
– Rulers could rise from lower castes
– No slavery
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Religion and Culture
• The Formation of Hinduism
– Origins in Vedic and Epic Eras
– No single founder, develops gradually
– Fluid, adaptable
– Brahmans
 Develop abstract aspects of gods
 Upanishads
 Tension between ritual and spirituality
 Brahmans versus gurus
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Religion and Culture
• Hinduism
– Mystics (gurus)
– Brahma, holy essence
– Aspects of brahma as gods
 Vishnu
 Shiva
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
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Religion and Culture
• Hinduism
– Different paths for a good life
 Yoga
 Brahmans' ritual
 Personal devotion
– Dharma
 Moral law
 Not prescriptive
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
FIGURE 4.3 Perhaps the most frequently
depicted Indian religious image is the god Shiva
as the celestial dancer, here portrayed in a
south Indian bronze. The position of the god's
hands and the objects held in them each
represent a different aspect of his power, which
may be simultaneously creative and
destructive. His left hand closest to his head,
for example, is held in the posture of
reassurance, and the left hand furthest away
holds a drum, which signifies time. His left foot
crushes the demon of ignorance, which seems
to want to be destroyed by the illustrious god.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Religion and Culture
• Buddhism
– Siddhartha Gautama, born c. 563
B.C.E.
 Takes to wandering life, asceticism
– Four Noble Truths
– Escape suffering by renouncing worldly
things
 Achievement of nirvana
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
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Religion and Culture
• Buddhism
– Spread through work of monks
 Conversion of Ashoka
 Opposed by brahmans
– Aspects of human life
 Laws of love in Kamasutra
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
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Map 4.3
The Spread of Buddhism in Asia,
400 B.C.E.–600 C.E.
In less than two centuries wandering
missionaries had carried the Buddhist faith
from central Asia to Sri Lanka and into China
and Japan.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
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Religion and Culture
• Arts and Sciences
– Literature
 Strong traditions of storytelling
 Drama
– University center under Guptas
 Some borrowing from Greeks
– Aryabhatta
 Length of solar year
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
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FIGURE 4.4 The great Buddhist stupa at
Sanchi in central India. Stupas were built to
house relics of the Buddha, and they became
major sites of pilgrimage. The intricate carved
gates and railing surrounding the stupa related
incidents from the Buddha's life or displayed
symbols associated with his teachings. The
great dome that covered the dirt mound that
formed the core of the stupa often was painted
white, and it struck approaching pilgrims as a
great cloud floating on the horizon.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Religion and Culture
• Arts and Sciences
– Mathematics
 Originated "Arabic" system, including zero
 Negative numbers, square roots
– Architecture
 Stupas
– Lively murals
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Economy and Society
• Society
– Caste system influences many aspects of
life
– Status of women diminishes
– However, stress on loving relationships
 Family as emotional support
– Children indulged in early years
– care for elderly
– Economic stability of arranged marriages
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Economy and Society
• Economy
– Strong manufacturing
 Textiles
 Steel
 Guilds, selling from shops
– Trade
 Greater status than in China
 Trade with East Asia, Middle East, Roman
Empire, Southeast Asia
– Still firmly agricultural
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Indian Influence and
Comparative Features
• Influence
– Indian Ocean a hub for contacts
– Buddhism carried to China
– Influence on Greeks and Romans
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
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Inequality as a Social Norm
• Caste system as an organization that
contradicts Western beliefs
• Concept of equality
– Social place not determined by birth
– Opportunity to rise in status
• Equality would have been
incomprehensible in the classical age.
– "Rags-to-riches" uncommon
– Few challenged this way of life.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Indian Influence and
Comparative Features
• China and India Compared
– Chinese restraint versus Indian sensuality
– Sciences
 Chinese prefer the practical
 Indians interested in mathematics
– Popular worldviews
 Hindu peasants had more local control
 Indian merchants more important
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Map 4.4 Eurasian and African Trading
Goods Routes, c. 300 B.C.E. to 300 C.E.
As the map above illustrates, a vibrant oceanic
trading system was in place across the AfroEurasian continents by the last centuries B.C.E.,
and the Indian subcontinent was central as a
producer and consumer in this vast network of
contact and exchange.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved