Transcript Chapter

World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP® Seventh Edition
Chapter
7
The First Global
Civilization: The Rise and
Spread of Islam
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Chapter Overview
I. Desert and Town: The Harsh
Environment of the Pre-Islamic
Arabian World
II. The Life of Muhammad and the
Genesis of Islam
III.The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
IV.From Arab to Islamic Empire: The
Early Abassid Era
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment
of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World
• Bedouins
– Camel herding
– Agriculture
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment
of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World
• Clan Identity, Clan Rivalries, and the
Cycle of Vengeance
– Clans
 Grouped into tribes
– Shayks
 Leaders
– Free warriors
– Rivalry
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment
of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World
• Towns and Long-Distance Trade
– Entrepots
– Mecca
 Umayyad clan, Quraysh tribe
 Ka'ba
– Medina
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment
of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World
• Marriage and Family in
Pre-Islamic Arabia
– Women have important roles
 Bride-price
 Not secluded or veiled
 Polygyny, polyandry
– Status of women often dependent on
individual clans
– Stable family life leads to patriarchy
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Desert and Town: The Harsh Environment
of the Pre-Islamic Arabian World
• Poets and Neglected Gods
– Poetry transmitted orally
– Animism, polytheism
 Including, but seldom prayed to, Allah
– Unclear how seriously bedouins took
religion
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Life of Muhammad and the
Genesis of Islam
• Sasanian empire ruled Persia
• Muhammad
– Banu Hasim clan
– Orphaned
– Mecca
– Khadijah
 Revelations, 610
 Via Gabriel
– Qur'an
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Life of Muhammad and the
Genesis of Islam
• Persecution, Flight, and Victory
– Ka'ba gods threatened
– Invited to Medina, 622
 Courage of Ali
 Hijra
– Return to Mecca, 629
• Arabs and Islam
– Umma, community of the faithful
– Zakat, a tax for charity
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Life of Muhammad and the
Genesis of Islam
• Universal Elements in Islam
– Validity of earlier divine revelations
– 5 Pillars
 Acceptance of one God, Allah and Prophet
Muhammad
 Prayer
 Fasting during Ramadan
 Payment of zakat
 Hajj
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
• Consolidation and Division in the
Islamic Community
– Muhammad's death, 632
– Succession struggle
 Abu Bakr
– Ridda Wars
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
• Motives for Arab Conquests
– Conversions
 Jihads
– Booty
• Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires
– Sassanian Empire
 Zoroastrianism
 Dynasty ended, 651
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
• Weaknesses of the Adversary Empires
– Byzantium
 Copts and Nestorians
 Alexandria taken
 Loss of provinces in Syria and Egypt
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
• The Problem of Succession and the
Sunni-Shi'a Split
– Uthman
 3rd caliph
 Murdered
– Ali
 Rejected by Umayyads
 Battle of Siffin, 657
 Loses support
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
• The Problem of Succession and the
Sunni-Shi'a Split
– Ali
 Assassinated, 661
 Son, Hasan, renounces caliphate
 Son, Husayn
 Killed, Karbala, 680
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
• The Problem of Succession and the
Sunni-Shi'a Split
– Mu'awiya
 Caliph, 660, leader of Umayyads
– Sunni – Umayyads
– Shi'a – Ali's descendants
– Karbala
 Site of death of Husayn, son of Ali
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
• The Umayyad Imperium
– Push west
 Stopped at Poitiers, 732
 Retain Iberia
 Damascus in Syria made capital of Umayyad
caliphate
• Mecca still holy city of Islam
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
• Converts and "People of the Book"
– Malawi, converts
 Still had to pay property taxes
 Jizya
– Dhimmi, people of the book
 Jews, Christians
 Later, Zoroastrians and Hindus
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
• Family and Gender Roles in the
Umayyad Age
– Islamic ideas prevail at first
– Bride-price given directly to wife
– Hadiths
 Traditions of Muhammad recorded mostly by
women
– Women pursue scholarship, law, and
commerce; not many veils at this time.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
The Arab Empire of the Umayyads
• Umayyad Decline and Fall
– Revolts
– Merv
 Abassid revolt
– 750, Umayyads defeated by Abassids
– Battle of the River Zab
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
Civilization and Gender
Relationships
• Pre-Islamic bedouin women had valued
roles in society.
• Islam limitations
– Veiling in public
• Remaining privileges through Islam
– Learning to read (Qur'an)
– Inheritance, divorce, remarriage rights
• Civilization works against the interests
of women.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
From Arab to Islamic Empire: The
Early Abassid Era
• Sunni repress Shi'a
– Baghdad
 New capital
– Wazir
• Islamic Conversion and Mawali
Acceptance
– Full integration of converts
– Mostly peaceful
 Appeal of Islam
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
From Arab to Islamic Empire: The
Early Abassid Era
• Town and Country: Commercial Boom
and Agrarian Expansion
– Dhows
 Sailing vessels
– Trade ventures with Christians and Jews
 Different Sabbaths; business all week
– Urban expansion
 Ayan
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
From Arab to Islamic Empire: The
Early Abassid Era
• The First Flowering of Islamic Learning
– Building
 Mosques, palaces
– Scholars recovered and preserved works
from Greeks
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
Stearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved