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World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP® Seventh Edition
Chapter
24
The Emergence of
Industrial Society in the
West, 1750–1900
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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Figure 24.1 A Chinese laundry shop, 1855.
Chinese workers began to reach the United
States in the mid-19th century, part of a larger
stream of Asian labor migrations to many areas
in the world. The mostly uneducated and
unskilled Chinese workers first came to America
in response to advertising by railroad
companies, who wanted cheap labor to build
the Western railroads. Although the new
immigrants faced resentment from American
workers, both because of job competition and
because of real or imagined differences in
values, the Chinese managed to establish
themselves in some additional types of work,
especially laundries. These enterprises were
attractive to the Chinese because they required
little specialized skill or capital, and American
men did not object to Chinese laundries, as
they considered laundry to be "women's work."
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007
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Chapter Overview
I. Context for Revolution
II. The Age of Revolution
III.The Industrial Revolution: First Phases
IV.The Consolidation of the Industrial
Order, 1850–1900
V. Cultural Transformations
VI.Western Settler Societies
VII.Diplomatic Tensions and World War I
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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TIMELINE 1700 C.E. to 1900 C.E.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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TIMELINE (continued) 1700 C.E. to 1900 C.E.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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Context for Revolution
• Forces of Change
– Enlightenment
– Commercialization
– Population revolution
– Proto-industrialization
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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The Age of Revolution
• The American Revolution
– 1775, outbreak of the Revolution
 French aid
– 1776, Declaration of Independence
– 1789, new constitution
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The Age of Revolution
• Crisis in France in 1789
– French Revolution
– Enlightenment influence
– 1789, Louis XVI calls parliament
– Assembly
 Declaration of the Rights of Man and the
Citizen
 July 14, Bastille attacked
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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The Age of Revolution
• Crisis in France in 1789
– Principles
 Serfdom abolished
 Equality for men
 End to aristocratic privilege
 Church privilege ended
 Elective parliament
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Visualizing the Past
The French Revolution in Cartoons
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The Age of Revolution
• The French Revolution: Radical and
Authoritarian Phases
– Reaction
 Church
 Aristocracy
 Foreign powers
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The Age of Revolution
• The French Revolution: Radical and
Authoritarian Phases
– Radical shift
 King executed
• Guillotine
 Reign of Terror
• Maximilien de Robespierre
– 1795, more moderate government
– Nationalism
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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The Age of Revolution
• The French Revolution: Radical and
Authoritarian Phases
– Napoleon Bonaparte
 Authoritarian
 Supports key principles
 Expansionist
– Empire
 Most of Europe by 1812
 1815, defeated
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Map 24.1 Napoleon's Empire in 1812
By 1812, France dominated Europe to the
borders of Russia, but Napoleon's decision to
invade Russia proved disastrous, as his army
was soon mired in the bitter cold and deep
snows of a harsh Russian winter. Defeated in
1814, Napoleon was exiled to the island of Elba
(shown above) but he escaped and returned to
power. After final defeat at the Battle of
Waterloo (1815), he was exiled to the remote
South Atlantic island of St. Helena.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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The Age of Revolution
• A Conservative Settlement and the
Revolutionary Legacy
– Congress of Vienna of 1815
– Political movements
 Conservatives – return to pre-Napoleonic Europe
 Liberals
•
•
•
•
Revolution too Risky
Constitutional rule
Protection of freedoms
Especially middle class
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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The Age of Revolution
• A Conservative Settlement and the
Revolutionary Legacy
– Radicals
 Extension of voting rights
 Socialism
• Attack property rights
 Nationalists
• National unity and glory
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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The Age of Revolution
• A Conservative Settlement and the
Revolutionary Legacy
– Spread of Revolutions, 1820s, 1830s
 Greek Revolution
 Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Germany,
Belgium
– Extension of male suffrage
 Reform Bill of 1832, Britain
• Vote for middle class men
 United States
• Universal adult male suffrage
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The Industrial Revolution:
First Phases
• Industrialization and the Revolutions of
1848
– Lower classes
 Political action
 Chartist movement
– Britain accommodates demands
– Revolts in Germany, Austria, Hungary
– France, 1848, monarch overthrown
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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The Industrial Revolution:
First Phases
• Industrialization and the Revolutions of
1848
– Goals
 Liberal constitutions
 Social reform
• End of serfdom
 Women's rights
 Ethnic demands
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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Figure 24.2 The 1848 revolution in Berlin.
After months of maneuvering, negotiation, and
street clashes, the revolutionaries agreed on a
liberal constitution that would have established
a constitutional monarchy. When they offered
the crown under these terms to King Friedrich
Wilhelm IV, who had initially given in to the
demands of the crowds, he politely declined,
saying in private that he could not accept a
crown "from the gutter." Friedrich Wilhelm
believed he ruled by divine right—not by the
consent of the governed. The great difference
between the king's and the reformers' views of
constitutional monarchy was indicative of the
chasm that existed in mid-19th-century Europe
between advocates of aristocratic and
democratic government.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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Map 24.2
Industrialization in Europe, c.
1850
By the mid-19th century, industrialization had
spread across Europe, aided by the
development of railroad links and canals that
brought resources to the new factories and
transported their finished goods to world
markets.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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The Consolidation of the Industrial
Order, 1850–1914
• The Second Industrial Revolution
– Combustion engines
– Chemicals industry
– Methods of work discipline
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The Consolidation of the Industrial
Order, 1850–1914
• Adjustments to Industrial Life
– Families
 Birth and death rates down
– Hygiene
 Louis Pasteur
– Labor movements
 Unions
– Rural cooperatives
 Market goods, buy supplies more efficiently
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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The Consolidation of the Industrial
Order, 1850–1914
• Political Trends and the Rise of New
Nations
– After 1850, leaders learn to adopt change
 Benjamin Disraeli
• Vote for working-class males, 1867
 Camillo di Cavour
• Supports industrialization
 Otto von Bismarck
• Vote for all adult males
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The Consolidation of the Industrial
Order, 1850–1914
• Political Trends and the Rise of New
Nations
– American Civil War
– Nationalism used
 Bismarck
• German Unification, 1871
• Real Politik
– Italy
 Transformismo
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Map 24.3 The Unification of Italy
The map shows the main separate states
before unification, and when they added to the
new nation.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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The Consolidation of the Industrial
Order, 1850–1914
• The Social Question and New
Government Functions
– School systems
 Literacy increases
• Compulsory education
– Welfare
 Health, old age, accidents (Germany)
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Map 24.4
The Unification of Germany,
1815–1871
This map shows the stages of unification, under
Prussian impetus, from 1866 to 1871.
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The Consolidation of the Industrial
Order, 1850–1914
• The Social Question and New
Government Functions
– Social reform becomes key political issue.
 Social question
 Socialism
• Karl Marx
• Parties in Germany, Austria, France, 1880s
• Revisionism
 Feminism
• Women gain right to vote in many countries.
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Figure 24.3 Emmeline Goulden
Pankhurst. In her 1914 autobiography,
Pankhurst recalled the early stirrings of
feminism in her childhood: "The
education of the English boy, then as
now, was considered a much more
serious matter than the education of
the English boy's sister. . . . Of course
[I] went to a carefully selected girls'
school, but beyond the facts that the
head mistress was a gentlewoman and
that all the pupils were girls of my own
class, nobody seemed concerned. A
girl's education at that time seemed to
have for its prime object the art of
'making home attractive'— presumably
to migratory male relatives. It used to
puzzle me to understand why I was
under such a particular obligation to
make home attractive to my brothers.
We were on excellent terms of
friendship, but it was never suggested
to them as a duty that they make home
attractive to me. Why not? Nobody
seemed to know."
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Cultural Transformations
• Emphasis on Consumption and Leisure
– Pleasure-seeking more acceptable
– Consumerism and mass leisure culture
 Newspapers
 Entertainment
 Vacations
– Leisure a commodity
 Team sports
 Travel industry
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Cultural Transformations
• Advances in Scientific Knowledge
– Rationalism
– Charles Darwin
 Evolution
– Albert Einstein
 Relativity
– Social Sciences
 Science applied to human life
 Freud
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Cultural Transformations
• New Directions in Artistic Expression
– Romanticism
 Opposed to rationalism
 Human emotion
 Split between artists and scientists
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Figure 24.4 Romantic painters delighted in
evocative scenes and rural nostalgia, as
depicted by John Constable in The Cornfield.
(John Constable (1776–1837), "The Cornfield."
© The National Gallery, London, Great Britain/
Art Resource, NY.)
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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Figure 24.5 Paul Cézanne's The Large
Bathers (1898–1905). This painting illustrates
the artist's abandonment of literal pictorial
realism to concentrate on what he considered
fundamental. This, along with his use of nudity,
alienated the "respectable" public but, by the
time of his death in 1906, was beginning to win
him critical acclaim. Cézanne painted slowly
and was wholly absorbed in his work, spending
little time with friends and family. "The
landscape," he said, "becomes human,
becomes a thinking, living being within me. I
become one with my picture. . . . We merge in
an iridescent chaos."
(Paul Cezanne, "The Large Bathers." 1906. Oil
on Canvas. 6' 10" × 8' 2" (2.08 × 2.49 m).
The W. P. Wilstach Collection. Philadelphia
Museum of Art.)
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh Edition
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Western Settler Societies
• Industrialization makes west more
powerful
– Impact of improved transportation,
communication
• Emerging Power of the United States
– American Civil War, 1861–1865
 Spurs industrialization
– Culture seen as largely parochial
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Two Revolutions: Industrial and
Atlantic
• Both revolutions supported each other
– Enlightenment
– New population levels
– Expansion of commerce
• Clashing implications
– Atlantic: protect freedoms of press or
assembly
– Industrial: against organization in favor of
production
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Map 24.5 Early 19th-Century Settlement
in the United States, Canada, Australia,
and New Zealand
Immigration led European settlers (and, in
North America, enslaved Africans) to key areas
previously populated by peoples vulnerable to
imported diseases.
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Western Settler Societies
• European Settlements in Canada,
Australia, and New Zealand
– Peopled by immigrants
– Follow European political, economic,
cultural patterns
– Canada
 Federal system
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Western Settler Societies
• European Settlements in Canada,
Australia, and New Zealand
– Australia
 From 1788
 Gold rush, agricultural development
 Federal system by 1900
– New Zealand
 Maori defeated by 1860s
 Agricultural economy
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Diplomatic Tensions and
World War I
• Rise of Germany
– Bismarck
– Unsettles balance of power
• European global expansion
– Latin America independent
– Africa controlled by Europeans
– China, Middle East
 Zones of European rivalry
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Diplomatic Tensions and
World War I
• The New Alliance System
– By 1907
 Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Italy
 Triple Entente: Britain, Russia, France
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Diplomatic Tensions and
World War I
• The New Alliance System
– Instability
 Russian Revolution, 1905
 Austria-Hungary
• Ethnic conflict
 Balkans
• Nationalism
• Free of Ottoman control
• Divided by enmities
– 1914, assassination of Austrian archduke
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Map 24.6
The Balkans After the Regional
Wars, 1913
The wars pushed the Ottoman empire almost
entirely out of the Balkans, but left many small
states dissatisfied.
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Diplomatic Tensions and
World War I
• Diplomacy and Society
– Instability in 1800s
 Nationalism
 Political division
 Industrial pressures
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