Transcript Chapter 7
World Civilizations The Global Experience AP* Sixth Edition Chapter 12 Abbasid Decline and the Spread of Islamic Civilization to South and Southeast Asia World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Spread of Islamic Civilization I. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras II. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements III. The Coming of Islam to South Asia IV. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Abbasid Empire at Its Peak World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • Abbasid empire weakened, 9th-13th centuries – Peasant revolts • Al-Mahdi (775-785) – Shi’a unreconciled – Succession not secure World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Islamic Heartlands in the Middle and Late Abbasid Eras • Imperial Extravagance and Succession Disputes – Harun al-Rashid Son of al-Mahdi The Thousand and One Nights Barmicides • Persian advisors Death followed by civil war – Al-Ma'mun World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Imperial Breakdown and Agrarian Disorder • Civil unrest • Caliphs build lavishly –Tax burden increases –Agriculture suffers World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Declining Position of Women in the Family and Society • Seclusion, veil • Polygyny World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Nomadic Incursions and the Eclipse of Caliphal Power • Former provinces threaten Abbasids • Buyids, Persia –Take Baghdad, 945 –Sultans • Seljuk Turks –1055, defeat Buyids –Sunnis Shi'a purges –Defeat Byzantines, Egypt World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Impact of the Christian Crusades • 1096, western European Christian knights –Small kingdoms established • Saladin retakes lands –Last in 1291 World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. An Age of Learning and Artistic Refinements • Urban growth • Merchants thrive World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature • Persian the court language –Administration, literature • Arabic in religion, law, sciences • Calligraphy • Firdawsi –Shah-Nama Epic poem World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Full Flowering of Persian Literature • Sa'di • Omar Kayyan –Rubaiyat World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Achievements in the Sciences • Math –Build on Greek work • Chemistry –Experiments • Al-Razi • Al-Biruni –Specific weights World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Spread of Islam, 10th-16th Centuries World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Achievements in the Sciences • Medicine –Hospitals –Courses of study World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion • Sufis –Mysticism • Ulama –Conservative –Against outside influence –Greek philosophy rejected Qur'an sufficient World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Religious Trends and the New Push for Expansion • Al-Ghazali –Synthesis of Greek, Qur'anic ideas –Opposed by orthodoxy World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. New Waves of Nomadic Invasions and the End of the Caliphate • Mongols –Chinggis Khan • Hulegu • 1258, Baghdad falls –Last Abbasid killed World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Modern States with a Sizable Muslim Population World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Coming of Islam to South Asia • By 1200, Muslims rule much of north, central • Conflict between two different systems –Hindu religion v. Muslim monotheism –Muslim egalitarianism v. Indian caste system World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Political Divisions and the First Muslim Invasions • First as traders, 8th century –Attacks lead to invasion • Muhammad ibn Qasim –Umayyad general –Takes Sind, Indus valleys –Indians treated as dhimmi World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Early Islam in India World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Indian Influences on Islamic Civilization • Science, math, medicine, music, astronomy – India influences Arab World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions • 10th century, Turkish dynasty established in Afghanistan – Mahmud of Ghazni Begins invasion of India World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. From Booty to Empire: The Second Wave of Muslim Invasions • Muhammad of Ghur – Persian – State in Indus valley – Thence to Bengal – His lieutenant, Qutb-ud-Din Aibak forms state at Delhi Delhi sultanate rules for 300 years World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Conversion • Converts especially among Buddhists, lower castes, untouchables – Also, conversion to escape taxes • Muslims fleeing Mongols, 13th, 14th centuries World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Patterns of Accommodation • High-caste Hindus remain apart – Muslims also often fail to integrate World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Islamic Challenge and Hindu Revival • Bhakti – Devotional cults – Emotional approach – Caste distinctions dissolved – Shiva, Vishnu, Kali especially • Mira Bai, Kabir, – Songs in regional languages World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Stand-off: The Muslim Presence in India at the End of the Sultanate Period • Brahmins v. ulama – Separate communities World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia • Shrivijaya • Trading Contacts and Conversion – Trading leads to peaceful conversion Sufis important Starting with Sumatran ports World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The Spread of Islam to Southeast Asia • Malacca – Thence to Malaya, Sumatra, Demak (Java) • Coastal cities especially receptive – Buddhist elites, but population converts to Islam • Sufi Mystics and the Nature of Southeast Asian Islam World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.