Transcript ch 16 World economy 1500

World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP* Sixth Edition
Chapter
16
The World in 1450:
Changing Balance of
World Power
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Focus of this chapter
I. We will briefly consider the problem of
periodization in the study of world history
II. Remember the SPICE of world history?
We will approach the problem of SPICE
even though the chapter focuses on E with
a strong dose of I…
III. Understanding the economic and
interactive aspects of global history in the
early modern period will explain much of
the character of modern globalization
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Periodization and World History
• Global history rather than regional history
– Rationale




Look for global patterns and connection
Compare with the American narrative
Consider perspective beyond that of the west
Been around for a long time (e.g. Paleolithic age)
– Challenges
 Need to identify global rather than regional patterns
 Global patterns are not very neat or concrete
 Make more sense in some regions than others
– Outcome
 Challenging for period before 1500- isolated and independent
regions
 Seems almost natural for history since WWII
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Periodization Used in Text
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pre-classical (to about 1000 BCE)
Classical (1000 BCE-500 CE)
Post-Classical Period (500 CE-1450 CE)
Early Modern Period (1450-1750)
Dawn of the Industrial Age (1750-1914)
Contemporary History (1914-present)
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
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What Characterizes the Early
Modern Period?
• Increasing interaction between regions of
the world
• Emergence of land empires incorporating
large amounts of area under significant
bureaucratic control
• Transoceanic empires (Mongols of the
Sea) that dominate world trade
• The emergence of Europe as the global
mix-masters- Dawn of a European Age
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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The World to Europe in 1450
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
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States and non-States- 1450
• Notice that most of the earth was not organized under
sedentary states with established governments
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The World in 1750
• Notice how European states would assume
sovereignty over the non-state lands of 1450
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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SPICE and the World Economy
• Obviously, the issue of the economy will dominate
our discussion
– Control of emerging global trade routes
– New products and productive organizations
• Interaction is also an important aspect of our
focus here
– Geographic knowledge and new trade routes
– New technology- navigation and military
• All aspects of global societies must be considered
(beyond economic and interaction)
• Perspective of Europe a focus
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Europe and The Drive to
Expansion
• Europe’s global position was relatively weak
and isolated ca 1100 CE
– Politically divided
– Economically fragile
• Important aspects in expansion
– Relative high status of merchants
– Growing centralization of competing monarchsrelative poverty made Europeans look outwardfew would come to Europe looking for riches
– Uniting Christian identity and crusading spirit
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Early Adventures of Europe
• Vikings venture from North America to inland
Russia looking for trade and plunder
– Important in establishment of some Medieval
states
– Connection to North America tenuous
• Crusades
• Mongols and Marco Polo
• Rise of strong Turkish land empire and
decline of Mongols drove search for new
routes to east
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Interesting and Impossible
Questions: Remember these?
• These questions are significant…
– China embarked on a period of exploration early
in the Ming Dynasty (1405-1433) Zheng He
– Chinese exploration would bring a significantly
greater amount of resources to the problem of
exploration than any single of combination of
European states could marshal
• These questions are impossible…
– Answers to counterfactual questions can not be
supported with evidence.
– History is the result of an infinite rage of causes,
not just one or two
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Barriers for European expansion
• Geographic knowledge
– Maps and tools for navigation
• Better ships
– Had to sail rather than be oar propelled
• Military technology
– Artillery able to control sea lanes with few people
• Main rivals
–
–
–
–
Turks in the eastern Mediterranean
Islamic navigators in Indian Ocean
Each other (other European nations)
Local peoples
• There had to be the will and the resources as well as the way
to accumulate and disseminate knowledge to overcome these
Cultural factors
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Iberian Rivalry
• Geography conspired to make Portugal and
Spain leaders of Europe’s early race to Empire
– Islamic challenge
– Islamic learning
– Maritime position
 Close to islands that would be a part of Europe’s protocolonialization
• Each sought a different strategy to reach India
• This shows how the economic and interaction of
this period was organized by politics
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Early Colonies
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Portugal: The Winner…
• Portugal wins the race to India
– African strategy works as Vasco da Gama
reaches India in 1498
– Learn how to use monsoon winds of Indian Ocean
– Defeat local Islamic navigators to control trade in
Arabian Sea- Military technology…
– Establishes colonies along African coast
– Reach spice islands (Indonesia) and Japan
• Spain’s miss-directed Atlantic strategy would
pay off much bigger dividends
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Spain and the Power of Losing
• Spanish supported Columbus’ strategy of an
Atlantic Route to Asia
– Read Columbus source from text
• Columbus’s mistake brought Europe to a
land less politically and technologically
developed and biologically vulnerable to
Europeans
• Unlike most of Portugal’s exploration,
Spain’s Atlantic exploration will generate a
transplantation of European culture
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Magellan and Validating
Columbus
• Within a decade, it was largely understood
that Columbus did not reach Asia
– Amerigo Vespucci lent his name to the “New
World”
 Eurocentric name of the land of the miss-named Indians
• Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese national
sailing for Spain) validated the Columbian
proposition for the Atlantic route
• 1519 5 ships 235 crew leaves Spain
• 1522 1 ship and 18 men return
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Magellan’s Route
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Putting the Latin in Latin America
• Spanish explorers and conquistadores will
subjugate and colonize the emerging
Aztec and Inca empires
– See p 373 on the Spanish defeat of Ataualpa
• Wayward Portuguese navigators land on
coast of Brazil
• Brazil becomes Portugal’s most valuable
colony
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The New World Order CA 1494
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Some Interesting Assumptions
• Why would the Pope be asked to mediate
a dispute between Portugal and Spain?
• How can Europeans make a treaty that
would divide the world? Particularly at a
time when they still did not understand that
Columbus was “disoriented”?
• What would be the impact of this treaty?
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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New World Gold and the Global Balance
of Power
• Spain’s “discovery” did not bring it closer to
Asian spices, but did put its hands on New
World Gold and silver
– Conquistadores would scour the new world for
cities of gold El Dorado
• Spanish god would chase the goods of the
world
– Grease for the wheels of international commerceparticularly in China
– Supported increasing military power and
exploration of Spain
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Northern Europe and a North-West
Passage
• Spain and Portugal’s success would
encourage emerging northern European
states to find trade routes and global
riches
• North-West passage- a more practical
circumnavigation?
– Brought Dutch, French explorers to North
America
– No practical north-west passage found
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Finding a North West Passage
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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The Colonial Backwater of North
America
• Dutch search for a northwest passage
drew exploration up the Hudson River
– Basis for the colony of New Amsterdam
(later New York)
• French explorers sail down St
Lawrence River
– Basis for the colony of New France
(Quebec)
• British explorers searched Hudson Bay
and the Arctic
– Eventually became British America
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Long-Term Consequences
• Like the Spanish, the French, and British
(and to a lesser extent the Dutch) were
accidental winners in a failed search for Asia
• French and British North American colonies
became a source of wealth and power- but
not as immediately valuable as colonies to
the south
– Little gold and silver
– Not hospitable to plantation agriculture
– Colonial backwaters
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Colonization and Conflict
• European rivalries now
had a global component
• First world wars actually
happened in the 18th
century
• European Wars would
have global impact
– French and Indian War
as part of The Seven
Year War
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Colonial Societies in North
America
• North American colonies had fewer resources of
value on the world market
• Served as an outlet for religious dissenters and
few adventurers
– Colonies in what would be the southern United States
had the most in common with valuable colonies of the
Caribbean
• Lower population density of Amerindians would
lighten their impact on colonial culture
– No mestizo class would emerge in North America
• British gained control of most of North America by
1763
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The World by Regions: Europe’s
Outreach
•
India- The Mughal Empire
– Weakening central authority would give way to British and French dominance (British by 1763)
•
Sub-Saharan Africa
– Slave trade decimates African states- most impact along coast…more later…
•
•
China- trade centers along coast- strong government limits European dominance
to 1800’s
Ottoman Empire
– Spanish fleet breaks Ottoman control of Eastern Mediterranean
– Remains strong but begins falling behind Europe in power and wealth
– Fighting Safavid Iran- Sunni-Shiia split
•
The Americas
– Quickly dominated by European culture
•
•
•
Japan- closes from west by early 17th century
Australia and the Pacific- largely unknown or ignored
The Indies and Philippines
– Directly or indirectly ruled by Europe
•
Russia
– Expanding and incorporating Ottoman
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Europe and Proto-Globalization
• Mercantilism- European nations saw the measure
of economic power as the power to accumulate
gold
– Support colonial commerce- develop industries that
drew on colonial resources
– Pressed the production of low cost raw materials
supported by low cost and slave labor (particularly
sugar, cotton and tobacco)
• Nationally aligned trading companies sought
geographic monopolies protected by their nation
• European nations would come to economically
and politically dominate much of the world
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Great Global Mix: People
• Movement of people
– Europeans moved to the Americas and South
Africa in significant numbers
– Europeans would expand the slave trade to
support the need for labor in lucrative sugar
plantations- more later
– Europeans would facilitate emigration of poor
in one colony to provide labor in other
colonies- large colonies of Asian Indians in
many parts of the world
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Great Global Mix: Products
• The Columbian Exchange- the movement
of products from old to new world or new
to old world
– New World Products would have a great
impact on the old
 The potato supported population growth in China,
Ireland and Russia among other places
 New animals would revolutionize the way of life for
American Indians
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Great Global Mix: Pathogens
• Most deadly diseases were suffered by
those indigenous to the New World
– Small Pox
– Measles
– Cholera
• Some diseases came to Europe from New
World
– Syphilis
– Tobacco addiction???
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
The Shifting Global Balance of
Power
• By 1750, the impact of a real world economy can
be seen
– Long distant trade affects large numbers of people
– Significant numbers of people are moving large
distances (voluntary and involuntary)
– Products indigenous in one region transforming
distant regions (i.e. potato)
• Pace of global trade increasingly determined by
decision makers in Paris, Amsterdam, London
– Few regions able to avoid being drawn in the
European dominated system of world trade
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Human Web Question Chapter
6.1
• How did increasing connections between
different regions of the world promote the
rise of inequalities of power, prestitge and
wealth within and between several regions
of the world? Qualify your point of view
with at least two examples from different
regions of the world
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.