Transcript middle ages ch 10 2014 - WerkmeisterAPWorldHistory

World Civilizations
The Global Experience
AP* Sixth Edition
Chapter
10
A New Civilization
Emerges in Western
Europe
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Thr Big Picture of the Middle
Ages
• The Middle Agee were not in the middle of
anything
– During early modern history, the term Medieval was
used to describe the period between classical
civilization (which they idealized) and when they lived
– Very low opinion of the culture of Europe followng the
decline of classical culture
• The Middle Ages gave birth to the dozens of
European nation states that divide Europe
• The synthesis of classical civilization, Germanic
and Slavic cultures and Christianity would evolve
into the cultures of Europe today
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Periodization of the Middle Ages
• The Early Middle Ages (400-1100 CE)
– Sometime referred to as The Dark Ages
– Limited trade and cultural interaction- lical economies and
governing structures
– Roman Church would weakly unite and spread classical
culture- a dim beacon of learning
• The High Middle Ages (1100-1300)
– Expansion and growth of economy and political structures
• The Late Middle Ages (1300- 1450 CE)
– Disasters of famine, plague, war and high mortality
– Challenges actually inspired intellectual and economic
growth
– Decline of the Medieval Syntheis
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Middle Ages: Why they are
important to us…
• Formation of western cultures that would put
their stamp on New World colonizationAmerican culture
• Evolution of capitalism that would organize
the people and resources that would drive
and support the rise of the west in spite of its
significant weaknesses
• Rise of humanism and modern science that
shape the dominant western world view
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Continuity and Change in the
Middle Ages
• Features of cultural continuity
– Centrality of Christian identity among European
peoples
– Admiration for classical culture through the ebb
and flow of disruptive influences
 Language
 Law
 Philosophy
• Key features of change
– The emergence of vernacular languages
– The rise of nations replacing local and
ecclesiastical (church) influences
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
A New Civilization Emerges in
Western Europe
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Collapse of Classical Culture
• The collapse of Classical culture in the west
was more catastrophic and complete than the
other centers of classical culture
– By 500 AD, the peoples of Europe were largely
much worse of than people in most other places
where classical cultures had influence
• You could not predict that this region would
dominate politics, culture and economics of
much of the world in a millennium
• Roman influence strongest nearer the center
of Roman culture
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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The Nature of early post-classical
society
• Pastoral invaders challenge and destroy Rome’s political
order in the west
– Continues for a millennium in the east (Byzantine Empire)
– Germanic notions of kingship- inherited as property- no notion of
the state as we know it
– Invaders accept Christianity as a way to unite and rule people
• Government and economic relationships less abstract and
more personal
– Serfdom and manorialism
– Developing feudal relationships
 Right to land in exchange for personal loyalty (lord-vassal relationship)
• Culture and society at large was significantly less
sophisticated and developed in western Europe than Eastern
Europe
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A View of Germanic Culture: The
Trial by Ordeal
• Germanic folk superstition would blend
with Christianity
– Syncretism at work
• The Trial by Ordeal evolved from
Germanic folk justice
– Ordeal of the cross, ordeal of the hot Iron,
ordeal of the Cold Water
• The ordeal would begin to decline in the
High Middle Ages
• A humerous look at Medieval Justice
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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The Developing Class Structure
of Medieval Europe
• Like in India, a class structure dominated by
ascribed rather than achieved status organized
Medieval society
– The Clergy- those who prayed (1-2 %)
 Also managed education, hospitals, public welfare public
record keepers etc- the literate class
– The Nobility- those who fought (2%)
 Governing class- Became more powerful though 1300 CE but
remain in some European nations today
– The Peasantry- Those who worked (97%)
 Serfs- farmers bound to the land
 Freemen- independent- includes townspeople- growing
influence late in the Middle Ages- primary change agents of
late Middle Ages
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Struggle of Political Structures
in The Early Middle Ages
• Germanic kingdoms captured and attempted to rule
provinces of the Roman Empire
– Pope remained in Rome- a religious shadow of Rome’s
central authority
– Germanic kings adopted and blended aspects of Roman
culture and Christianity
– Clovis- King of Franks, accepts Christianity and forces his
solders to convert in mass baptism
– Unites his people to Christian Romans living among his
people
• Germanic Kings had limited direct authority
– Most government and economy locally focused
– Bonds of personal loyalty maintain civil order
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Re-Establishing Rome:
Charlemagne
• Germanic kingdoms continued to see
themselves as pail imitators of Roman
culture
– Primary source: Einhard- Preface to the Life
of Charlemagne
 What is the point of view of the author?
 What is the author’s view about history and his
place in that history?
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Frankly Speaking: The Germanic
Core of Dark Age Europe
• The Franks emerge as the
core Germanic kingdom in
Western Europe
– United and Christianized
under Clovis ca 481 CE
– Stopped the invading
Muslim Moors at the Battle
of Tours in 711 CE
– Made a strong alliance with
pope
• 800 CE- Frankish king
Charlemagne named Holy
Roman Emperor- crowned
by pope
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Europe CA 750 CE
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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The Carolingian Renaissance
• Charlemagne instituted effective
administration- centralized
authority
– Supported literacy and education
– Supported scholarship- brought
most learned clerics to his court in
Aachen
• Died in 814 CE
 Empire eventually divided among his
grandchildren
• Marks the division between modern
France, Italy and Germany
• Europe would not evolve a single
cultural identity like China or
India
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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The Church: Political and
Spiritual Power
• Popes follow Roman organization
–
–
–
–
–
Appoint bishops
Dominate literacy- learning
Direct faith- dominant identity
Social and political control- excommunication
Sponsor missionaries- spread Classical culture
north and west
 Christian expansion south and east blocked by Muslims
or dominated by Byzantine Christianity
• Religious monopoly- other faiths faced limited
toleration
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Western Europe Toward the End
of the Middle Ages, c. 1360 C.E.
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Another Wave of Invasion
• A second wave of “barbarians would shock the
emerging Medieval society
– Vikings (Norseman/Normans) strike from north
 Wide influence with small population
 Establish direct political control over parts of Europe
(particularly north and west)
– Magyars (Modern Hungarians) come from east
– Continuing Muslim challenge from south
• Strengthened the role of Knights and local nobility
– King relatively weak position
• These people accepted Christianity and became
integrated in Europe’s identity
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New Economic and Urban Vigor
• Beginning by 900 CE…
– Agricultural improvements
 Increased production-agricultural technology
 Surplus, wealth, population growth
– Towns grow




Literacy expands exchange of ideas and products
Kings enjoy direct control over towns
Centers of innovation and change
Growing influence of merchants- (bourgeosie)
– Education
 Cathedral schools, from 11th century
 Universities, from 13th century
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Feudal Monarchies and Political
Advances
• Personal relationship
– Military service for land
• Some lords emerge more powerful
– e.g. Capetian kings of France
– Develop bureaucracies, states
• The king was atop a feudal pyramid and his
estate evolved into the nation
• During the High Middle Ages, monarchs
worked to establish more direct control over
wider areas of his realm
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The Struggle between Church
and State
• The church had a very powerful political role that
would be challenged by Kings
• Investiture Conflict: Who had the power to appoint
bishops?
– Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Holy Roman
Emperor Henry IV
 Henry forced to beg for forgiveness
 Restored to the church, Henry later has Gregory removed
 Compromise: Bishops get governing authority from king,
religious authority from pope
• Origins of the western concept of the separation of
church and state
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The Crusades: Expansion and
Europe’s Return to the World
• Movement in the church for the power to hold
authority over “Christiandom”
– Against heretics in Europe
– Against Muslims in Iberia and Holy Lands
– Unite warring European nobles for a common
enemy
– Advance prestige of the Church
• Pope Urban II: “Deus Vault”- God wills it
– Challenge Muslim rule
– Promise forgiveness of sins to all who heed call
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The Crusades
• First Crusade: Bloody assault on Jerusalem
– Holds Jerusalem for 100 years
– Began a series of 8 campaigns over 200 years
– Jerusalem would continue as a Muslim-ruled city
until World War I
• Significant impact of Crusades on Europe
– Encouraged trade and the rise of bourgeoisie,
particularly in Italy
 Early stirrings of capitalism
 Growth of cities
 Exposure to Arab and Hellenistic culture
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Feudal Monarchies and Political
Advances: England
• William the Conqueror
– 1066, Norman conquest of England
– Centralized government
 Sheriffs, courts
– Erases existing feudal relationships established by
Anglo-Saxons
– French is the language of court
• French Norman (Viking) influence on England and
English- Middle English
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Limited Government in England
• Political fragmentation continues
– Monarchs limited by church, nobles, towns
– Monarchs make alliances with townspeople and
Middle Class (bourgeoisie) between nobles and
other peasants
• Holy Roman Emperor continues to rule
• 1215, Magna Carta
– King John recognizes supremacy of written law
– Primary source analysis: Magna Carta p 282
• English tradition of centralized and limited
government important in American political
history
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Limited Government
• Representative bodies
– Catalonia, from 1000
– England, from 1265
– France- Estates General
• Monarchs continue to increase in power
– Larger conflicts
– e.g. Hundred Years War
– Decline of the role of nobility- more pronounced in western
Europe
– Church authority weakens
• By 1400, you will see the early stirring of nation-states
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Italian Rivalries
• The proximate power of the pope and
strong economic rivalries between cities
kept Italy divided well through modern
history
• Italian writer Niccolo Machiavelli crafted an
early treatise on governing and keeping
power in The Prince
• Read Excerpts from The Prince
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The West's Expansionist Impulse
• The Crusades
• Germanic knights
– From 11th century, into eastern Germany,
Poland
• Iberia
– Northern Christian states begin reconquista
• Vikings
– Cross Atlantic
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Western Culture in the
Postclassical Era
• Theology: Assimilating Faith and Reason
– Exploration of Greek philosophy
– Peter Abelard, 12th century
 Rational examination of doctrine
 God understood
– Bernard of Clairvaux
 Opposed to Abelard's approach
 Mysticism God felt
– Debate in universities
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Western Culture in the
Postclassical Era
• Theology: Assimilating Faith and Reason
– Thomas Aquinas
 Summas
 Faith primary, reason leads to understanding
 Scholasticism
– Roger Bacon
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The Church and the Birth of Modern
Science (Natural Philosophy
• The rationalist movement supported by the
rise of universities in Europe supported the
rebirth of science
• Great thinkers tended to quote existing
Roman and Greek sources as authorities
– In ways that supported biblical scripture
• Roger Bacon- proposed the use of
experiments and observation supporting
conclusions about the physical environment
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Religious Themes in Art and
Literature
• Romanesque architecture
– Especially monastic buildings
• Gothic Cathedrals
– From 11th century
– Gothic Cathedrals became the tallest
buildings in the world until the 19th century
– Some took 150 years to make
– Centers of trade and social life as well as
religion- attracted pilgrims
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
Stearns • Adas • Schwartz • Gilbert
Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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Religious Themes in Art and
Literature
• 12th century
– Vernacular, secular literature
– e.g. Song of Roland
– Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales
– Troubadours
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Changing Economic and Social Forms in
the Postclassical Centuries
• New Strains in Rural Life
– Peasants v. landlords
 Peasants slowly gain
 Opportunities in cities grew and more serfs left the
manor
 John Ball and Social Justice theology source p 389
• Plague and famine that killed between 1/3
and ¼ of all Europeans would strengthen
the social bargaining position of peasantry
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Growth of Trade and Banking
• Commerce expands
– Mediterranean zone joined with North Sea, Baltic
•
•
•
•
Money replaces barter
The zero and Arabic numbers
Banking, insurance merge
Hanseatic League
– Northern Germany, southern Scandinavia
• Church worked hard to oppose growing
capitalism- loaning money at interest illegal
– Morality of making money by taking risk (capitalism)
– Jews were not restricted on this
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Growth of Trade and Banking
• Merchants relatively free
– But relatively low status
• Guilds
– Craft associations
– Protect markets
– Ensure standards
– Social role
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Limited Sphere for Women
• Women generally lose ground
• Some opportunities as nuns
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The Decline of the Medieval
Synthesis
• Widespread warfare from 1300 to 1500
–Hundred Years War
–Weakens feudal order
• Population outstrips agriculture
–Famines
• Bubonic Plague (Black Death)
–from 1348
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Signs of Strain
• Aristocracy lose military purpose
–Foot soldiers more important- the Long Bow
and peasant warriors
–Increasingly decorative
• Church increasingly rigid
–Opposes more challenges to its views and
authority (heresies)
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The Shock of the 14th Century
• Events of the 14th century would lead
many to believe that it was the end of the
world.
• Revelations: Four Horesemen of the
Apocolypse
– Famine
– Plague
– War
– Death
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Famine
• A little ice age in the 14th
century would damage
harvests
• Growing populations would
be more difficult to support
• How does chronicler
Johannes de Trokelowe
describe this famine
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Sixth Edition
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Plague: The Black Death: 1347
• Increasing trade would support
the exchange of pathogens as
well as products
• Crowded and dirty cities were
hospitable to disease
– Rats and fleas
• Plague came to Italy via
merchant ships coming from
the Black Sea
– Quickly spread throughout
Europe by 1349
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The Black Death
• Primary Sources:
Marchione di Coppo
Stephani, The
Florentine Chronicles (p
317) and University of
Paris Medical Faculty:
Writing on the Plague
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War: The Hundred Years War
• A war between an English and
French monarch over personal
lands would morph into Europe’s
first national war (1337-1453)
(English monarch had title to
many French lands)
• War involved increasingly large
peasant armies, gunpowder and
extended sieges
• Joan of Arc claimed the right to
defend France- captured and
burned as a witch by English
• By 1453, English monarch ruled
only Calais on the European
mainland
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Death and Reaction
• Killed 1/3 to ½ of population
where it struck
• Religious reaction
– Flagellates- God’s just wrathatone for sins by public self
flagellation
– Anti –Jewish pogroms- Jews
blamed for plague
– Greater interest in human
suffering and human conditionhumanism
• Economic reaction- stronger
position of middle class
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Global Connections:
Medieval Europe and the World
• Geographic Exploration
– Trade opportunities and emerging capitalism along
with monarchs who supported them would support
exploration and trade
– Navigation technology from Middle East and China
supports contacts
– With developing centralization and liberalization in the
cities, Europe would be on the brink of significantly
altering the global balance of power beginning in the
15th Century
• Intellectual Exploration
– Movements within and outside the church support
greater study of the human condition and life on
earth- Renaissance and later scientific revolution
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