Transcript Chapter 19: Early Latin America

CHAPTER NINETEEN
Early Latin America
World Civilizations, The Global Experience
AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert
*AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board,
which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman
Chapter 19: Early Latin America
I. Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquista to Conquest
II. The Destruction and Transformation of American Indian Societies
III. Colonial Economies and Governments
IV. Brazil: The First Plantation Economy
V. Multiracial Societies
VI. The 18th-Century Reforms
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 19: Early Latin America
Concepts to Obtain from this Chapter
1. Describe the diffusion of Iberian society to the New World.
2. Define the model for American colonization that was established in the Caribbean.
3. Describe the nature of the exploitation of Indians in the Americas.
4. Define the economy of the American colonies.
5. Identify the nature of the Spanish system of government in the American colonies.
6. Describe the change that the discovery of gold and diamonds made on the economic
organization of Brazil.
7. Describe the social hierarchy of the American colonies.
8. Compare the 18th-century reforms in Portuguese and Spanish colonies.
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 19: Early Latin America
Iberian peninsula
Arab Muslims invade in 8th century
Long multicultural period
Reconquest of all of Iberia by Spanish nobility
Small Christian states  unification by 1492
Jews expelled  inquisition
Iberian Society and Tradition
-Urban
-Encomiendas (large estates)
-Patriarchal culture
-Slavery
-Centralized governments
-Close ties to church
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Chapter 19: Early Latin America
The Chronology of Conquest
First stage - 1492-1570
•“discovery & depopulation”
•African slaves & Spanish
women - new society
Spanish and Portuguese Exploration, 1400-1600
•Bartolomé de las Casas
– Opposes abuses of
Indians
– Conquests
questioned
– Indians considered
human
– Conversion should
be voluntary
**Las Casas' work lessens
abuses
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Chapter 19: Early Latin America
Mexico - Aztecs
1519 - Hernán Cortés into Mexico
By 1535, central Mexico under Spain
Kingdom of New Spain
Peru -Inca
Weakened by civil war
Francisco Pizarro - Cuzco falls - 1533
New capital at Lima
American Southwest – numerous native
tribes
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
Exploration in the 1540s
Chile - Mapuche
Pedro de Valdivia
Conquers central Chile; 154 - founds
Santiago
By 1570, 192 Spanish towns
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Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 19: Early Latin America
Destruction & Transformation of
American Indian Societies
Mexico’s indigenous population
25 million to fewer than 2 million
Exploitation of the Indians
Encomiendas
Adds to decline of native populations
Modified by crown, fearing threat
Mita
Native system of forced labor
Natives used for state projects
Population Decline in New Spain
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Chapter 19: Early Latin America
Second stage - 1570-1700 – Colonial Economies &
Govt
80% work in agriculture/ranching
Mining - Silver
Silver trade only for Spaniards
Convoys cross Atlantic
Protected by galleons
Potosí, Bolivia - largest
Zacatecas, Mexico
Haciendas & Villages
Haciendas - agricultural estates
Encomiendas – grants from King for Indian laborers
Produce for domestic use
Give rise to aristocracy
Industry and Commerce
Sheep raising - textile sweatshops
Board of Trade
Oversees commerce
Consulado, merchant guild
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Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 19: Early Latin America
Second stage - 1570-1700 – Colonial Economies & Govt
Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
Portugal gets Brazil; rest to Spain
Demarcation line (west of Brazil to Spain, east to Portugal)
King Charles II of
Spain 1665-1700 –
died w/out an heir –
led to War of
Spanish Succession
“El Hechizado”
Tried to hang
himself repeatedly –
had to tie him down
Spanish Empire
King  Council of Indies  Viceroyalties (Mexico City, Lima)
Clergy - Religious and secular functions
Inquisition
REGENTS ruled – made political decisions b/c King Charles was
incapable (looney-tooney)
The Society of Castas
Miscengenation
Sexual exploitation of Indian women
Mestizo population
Peninsulares v. creoles
P- Spanish born
C-born in new world
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Chapter 19: Early Latin America
Third stage - 1700s
Reform, reorganization
Discontent, unrest
18th-Century - Bourbon Reforms
The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade
Spain weakened in 18th century
Conflict with France, England, Holland
Loss of overseas territories
Silver imports drop
Colonies more self-sufficient
Philip V, First Bourbon
King of Spain
1701-1713 - War
of the Spanish
Succession
Bourbons victorious
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Chapter 19: Early Latin America
The Bourbon Reforms - Charles III 17591788
-Jesuits expelled from Spain/empire 1767
-French forms introduced
-José de Gálvez – Spanish minister that
implemented Bourbon reforms
-2 new viceroyalties formed
-attempt to root out corruption/extortion Creoles lose high office
-regional governors improved tax collection
-Spain and France allied - Spain involved in
Anglo-French wars
Seven Years War – 1756 – 1763 – Eng. Wins!
English vs. French – Eng. take Havana
Spanish side w/French; better defenses of New
World territory
Frontiers extended/California settled
State takes more control of economy
Monopoly companies expand! EXAMPLE?
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Chapter 19: Early Latin America
Reforms, Reactions, and Revolts
Mid-18th century
Great economic growth
Population, production up
Traditional leaders threatened by reforms
New Granada
Comunero Revolt, 1781
Peru - Tupac Amaru
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Chapter 19: Early Latin America
Brazil: The First Plantation Economy
not main Portuguese colony - French show interest
Land grants to increase Portuguese colonization
1549 –capital at Salvador
Jesuits active along coast
Economy/Social – Sugar and Slavery
Sugar - Labor intensive
Society hierarchy
White plantation-owners dominate
Natives
Slaves
Gov’t Administration
Lawyers Regional governors  Missionaries
run ranches & schools
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Chapter 19: Early Latin America
Brazil's Age of Gold
European conflict affects Brazil, 1600s
Dutch occupy Brazil until 1654
Dutch, English, French
Sugar plantations in Caribbean
Price of sugar drops, slaves more expensive
Paulistas
Explorers into interior
Discover gold, Minas Gerais, 1695
Government controls production
Interior settled - Rio de Janeiro - closer to mines
Pombal and Brazil
Marquis of Pombal – 1755 - 1776 -Authoritarian
Jesuits expelled from empire, 1759
Reforms
Monopoly companies to develop agriculture
Rio de Janeiro the new capital
Slavery abolished in Portugal
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 19: Early Latin America
I Think Therefore I Am—Rene Descartes
When the encomienda system began to fail, the Spanish government
A) responded by the creation of a free labor system.
B) began to rely on Indian labor extracted through local officials, the mita.
C) permitted the enslavement of the Indian population.
D) enforced its continuation by passage of a series of restrictive laws.
E) encouraged the use of African slaves.
The Spanish commercial system with the Latin American colonies was organized around
A) plantation agriculture.
B) mining.
C) textile workshops.
D) ranching.
E) trading.
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007
Chapter 19: Early Latin America
Somebody better pay me some day for
having to learn all this
In contrast to the Spanish colonies, Brazil's economy was initially devoted to
A) mining.
B) ranching.
C) estate agriculture.
D) textile workshops.
E) trading.
Which of the following men was an advocate of Indian rights?
A) Hernán Cortés
B) Pedro de Valdivia
C) Christopher Columbus
D) Garcia Floridablanca
E) Bartolomé de Las Casas
In its final form, the Spanish colonial government in Latin America was divided at first into
two and later into four
A) audiencias.
B) consulados.
C) corregidores.
D) viceroyalties.
E) encomiendas.
Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007