Transcript THE CRUSADES

EQ# 3
Answer the following question:
• Can something be a success and a
failure?
– Explain
– Any examples?
• Based on your own
knowledge and based
on what you see in
this image, what do
you predict the
Crusades were?
THE CRUSADES
A Quest for the Holy Land
The Crusades
History’s
Most
Successful
FAILURE
Background
• During the Middle Ages the
Catholic Church had risen in
power
• After the fall of Rome, the
Eastern portion of the
Empire became known as
the Byzantine Empire
Many were uncertain where life would
lead them and many tragic events lead
people to have a higher belief in GOD
(Rise of Christianity)
• Jerusalem was a holy
land for the Christians and
each year many come to
visit (pilgrimages)
• The Seljuk Turks
(Muslims) controlled that
land and the amount of
visitors grew too much
that they began not
allowing visitors
• It was also believed that
the increase in Muslim
power would threaten the
Byzantine Capital of
Constantinople
BackgroundCauses
Upheaval in the East
Events in Moslem World
 Battle of Manzikert, 1071
 decline of Byzantine fortunes to The Battle of
Manzikert. It is also considered one of the root causes
for the later Crusades
 defeat showed the Seljuks that the Byzantines were not
invincible
 West saw The Battle of Manzikert as a signal that
Byzantium was no longer capable of being the
protector of Eastern Christianity.
 Byzantines lose Anatolia to Turks.
 Loss foreshadows eventual end of Byzantine
Empire.
 Turks disrupt pilgrim traffic.
Jerusalem
•
Crusades
• A long series or Wars
between Christians
and Muslims
• They fought over
control of Jerusalem
which was called the
Holy Land because it
was the region where
Jesus had lived,
preached and died
What Happened?
• Christians saw
Muslims as “infidels”
• “Infidel” is someone
who doesn’t share
your religious belief.
• Muslims saw
Christians as
infidels, too.
Causes of the Crusades
Muslim Turks
captured Jerusalem
from the Byzantine
Empire
Muslims stopped
Christians from
Visiting Holy Land
Christian pilgrims
were attacked
Byzantine Empire
feared attack on
Constantinople
Why was Constantinople so
important geographically?
Pope Urban II and his call
• 1093- Byzantine Emperor
Alexius wanted help to
save Constantinople from
Turks  asks Church
• 1095- Pope Urban II
issues a call for a “holy”
war or Crusade to capture
the Holy land (Palestine)
back from Muslims
– Pope assured that those
that die in Crusade will have
a place in Heaven
Who Answered the Call?
•Feudal Lords
•Knights
•Peasants
Put yourself in the place of a
Crusader…before setting out what
are at least 5 things you would
want to know before you left and at
least five things you might take with
you?
• What are two specific benefits of fighting as a
Crusader?
Why did they answer?
• Religious convictions
• Gain glory
• Taxes were canceled or paid by the
Church
• Avoid jail
• Plunder
Why did Pope Urban II call for a
Crusade in 1095
(what did he hope to gain)
• to unite European Christians in a common cause
• to make the kings and noble vassals under his
spiritual leadership
• to return the Holy Lands to Christian control
 Provide occasion for healing Great Schism (1064)
on Rome's terms
– to subject the Eastern orthodox churches to Rome
– Obligate the Byzantines
 Drive Turks from Anatolia
Council of Clermont, 1095
“If any one through devotion alone,
and not for the sake of honor or
gain, goes to Jerusalem to free
the church of God, the journey
itself shall take the place of all
penance. “
Major Events of Crusades
 I Crusade 1097-1098
 Achieves all major objectives in Holy Land
 Turkish threat blunted, though not eliminated
 Area not strategic to Moslems, could have been
held indefinitely with a little skill.
 Initial gains lost through diplomatic bungling.
 Crusaders attempt to destabilize neighbors
The First Crusade (1096-1099)
• Peasant army
– Untrained
– Lacked military
equipment
– Many killed by
Muslim Turks
• Knights
– Succeeded in
capturing Jerusalem
Major Events of Crusades
 II Crusade, 1147-1148
 Military failure, discredits Crusaders as military
threat
 III Crusade, 1189-1191
 Kings crusade
 Richard I of England
 Phillip II of France
 Frederick I of Holy Roman Empire
 Well-known in literature (Robin Hood)
 Saladin
 Battle of Acre
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• Saladin leads the
Muslim Turks to
victory, defeating
the Christians
• * He was considered a very
wise ruler. He was known for
his sometimes kind treatment
of fallen enemies. Many
Christians saw him as a model
of knightly chivalry.
Second Crusade (1147-1149)
• After victory many Christians went back
home.
• The Turks eventually took back much of
the territory.
• King of France and Emperor of Germany
sent troops to stop the Turks.
Third Crusade (1189-1192)
• King Richard of
England convinces
the Turks to allow
Christians to visit
the Holy Land
IV Crusade
IV Crusade, 1199-1204
 Western-Greek relations always strained,
mutual contempt.
 To finance crusade, Crusaders work for
Venetians
 Crusaders sack Constantinople, 1204
 Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost.
 In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines
preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.
V & VI Crusades
• V Crusade
1218-1219
– Capture Damietta, swap for Jerusalem
– Moslems agree
– Crusaders try to conquer Egypt, are routed
• VI Crusade 1229
– Frederick II of Germany did little fighting and a
lot of negotiation
– Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem and all the
other holy cities and a truce of ten years
– He was widely condemned for conducting the
Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.
VII & VIII Crusades
• VII Crusade
1248-1254
– Led by Louis IX of France
– Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade
• VIII Crusade
1270
– Led by Louis IX of France
– Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Sicily,
had strategic plans of his own and diverted the
expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died.
– The last Crusader cities on the mainland of
Palestine fell in 1291
– One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.
Children’s Crusade
- 1212
• 20,000 – 30,000 children went
out many of them under 12
years old – Never made it to
the Holy Land
– Most died of disease,
starvation and others were
sold to slavery
Lost the Battle but won the war
Why did the Crusades fail?
• After the 1st attempt, each attempt was
weaker with less emphasis on winning
• People soon became about making money
and getting goods
• Stealing from Byzantine and Islamic
Why Did the Crusades Fail?
• There was never a supreme commander power
struggles between kings, knights, and nobles led to
disunity.
• Poor tactics and strategy and the inability to adapt
to military methods suitable from the region and
the enemy.
• Lack of geographical knowledge.
• Refusal to swear allegiance to Byzantine emperor
and receive his support and information.
• Difficulties in maintaining supplies led to
"barbarian' acts by civilized Europeans.
• They established a castle defense only along the
coast and never incorporated the allegiance of the
local people.
Results of the Crusades
 Fatal weakening of Byzantine Empire
 Vast increase in cultural horizons for many Europeans
 Stimulated Mediterranean trade.
 Increased trade throughout Europe
– New products plus greater mobility
– Europeans want product from the East such as sugar,
cotton, silk, spices, etc.
 Cities grew
 Because cities grew – influence of the lords declined – serfs left
the manors for the cities – no longer needed the protection of the
knights – Feudalism was no longer effective
 Feudalism Ends
 Role of the Castle changed from protection to residence
 Need to transfer large sums of money for troops and
supplies led to development of banking techniques.
 Rise of heraldic emblems, coats of arms
Results of the Crusades
• Strengthened the Kings or Centralized Power and
weakened Feudalism
– While kings and their knights were away fighting their
territory was confiscated or conquered by a few left
behind consolidating the territory under a few kings
instead of many.
• New town laws changed the base of power from
the nobles to the leaders of the town
• Encouraged learning
– Romantic and imaginative literature.
Results of the Crusades
•
•
•

Improvements – Ships, Maps, Explorers
Turks still rule the Holy Land
Travel – Europeans want to travel more
Knowledge introduced to Europe
 Heavy stone masonry, construction of castles and stone
churches.
 Siege technology, tunneling, sapping.
 Moslem minarets adopted as church spires
 Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes
 Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe had little
to give in return.
Too many cracks
• Crusades caused changes that created a
questioning environment and one that was
based on reason more than faith.
• Although the power of the church was initially
strengthened – the questioning attitude created
a split and ultimate reform within the church
• Like Humpty Dumpty – the castles - knights –
lords and ladies - came tumbling down
• Created lasting resentments still felt today
between the Muslim World and the West
The End
Your Assignment
Annotated Info Graphic:
• Must be about the Crusades – can be from either side
• Must be at least 12” x 20”
• Must include 1 major annotated picture
– Must be hand drawn or printed off
– major person, landmark, or event from the Crusades
• Must include 12 supporting points with pictures
– Must explain the significance, use, impact and
contribution to history and society during that
historical time period and history as a whole