Transcript Ch. 14 The High Midddle Ages

Ch. 14 The High
Midddle Ages
Sec. 1: The Crusades
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Causes of the Crusades
• During the late 1000s, the Seljuq
Turks, a Muslim people from
central Asia, gained control of
Palestine
• Christian pilgrims from Palestine,
their “Holy Land”, reported being
persecuted
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• The Turks
attacked Asia
Minor &
threatened
Constantinople
• The Byzantine
emperor called
on Pope Urban
II for help
3
• Urban called together European
feudal lords
• He asked them to join together to
win back the Holy Land
• Thus began the Crusades, a
series of military expeditions by
Christians to seize Palestine from
the Muslims
4
• Some 10,000 Europeans took up
the cause
• They sewed crosses on their
clothes & were called crusaders
• Some crusaders went to save their
souls; others, for adventure &
wealth
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The First Crusade (1096 to
1099)
• In the First Crusade, French &
Italian lords led armies from
Europe to Palestine
• After vicious battles, the crusaders
captured Jerusalem & slaughtered
its Muslim & Jewish residents
6
• The crusaders brought much of
Palestine under European control
introducing European customs &
institutions such as feudalism,
subdividing the land into fiefs w/ lords
& vassals
• Italian ships set up trade w/ Europe
• Christians & Muslims who lived
together gained more respect for
each other
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The Second Crusade(1147 to 1149)
• After about a century, the Turks began
winning back their land
• In 1147 the Second Crusade began,
led by Louis VII of France & Conrad III
of Germany
• Their combined forces failed to
recapture Damascus & they returned
to Europe in disgrace
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The Third Crusade (1189 to 1192)
• In ll87 the
Muslim leader
Saladin gained
control of
Jerusalem
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• Frederick Barbarossa of the Holy
Roman Empire, King Philip II of
France, & King Richard I of England
led the Third Crusade
• Barbarossa drowned, & his army
turned back
• Philip & Richard quarreled, & Philip
took his army home
• Richard could not capture Jerusalem;
he settled for a truce allowing
Christians to enter Jerusalem
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The Fourth Crusade (1202 to 1204)
• For the Fourth Crusade, Pope Innocent III
sent French knights on ships provided by
the city-state of Venice
• Along the way, they attacked Zadar, a
trade rival of Venice
• Then they looted Constantinople & stole
many items that were holy to Byzantine
Christians
• The Venetians gained control of Byzantine
trade
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Other Crusades
• In 1212 in the short-lived Children’s
Crusade, young people from across
Europe marched on the Holy Land
• They lacked training, equipment, &
supplies, plus they became a hungry,
disorganized mob
• The pope sent some home & others
were tricked onto ships that sold them
into slavery (thousands were lost)
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Results of the Crusades
• The Crusades continued until 1291,
when the Muslims captured the last
Christian stronghold in Palestine
• All the Crusades except the first failed
in seizing Palestine from the Turks
• Still, they had important effects on
Europe
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• First, the Crusades changed Europe
by introducing new methods &
weapons of war, such as the deadly
crossbow & use of the catapult
• Second, many lords died or lost lands
fighting the Crusades & since there
were fewer lords, the kings grew
stronger
• The Christian church also became
more powerful, & the popes took on
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• Third, the crusaders returned w/
new ideas to enrich European
culture, & trade increased
between Europe & S.W. Asia
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