Transcript 1450-1750

1450-1750
The Early Modern Era
The Europeans Begin To Catch Up
• Recovery from the calamitous 14th century
• Technology received from Muslims, Asia
• European access to and knowledge of
metallurgy
• European desire for Eastern products
The Military Revolution
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Gunpowder introduced during early 1400s
New weaponry required greater training:
Close order drill, leading to
Professional, permanent armies, requiring
Taxation by the new nation-states
Bureaucracies to collect and spend taxes
Centralized, powerful governments
European sea exploration
• 1300s: Clinker type ships replaced by
Caravel types
• Compass, astrolabe introduced to Europe
by Arabs, originally Chinese inventions
• 1400s: Cannon added to ships
European Competition
• Economic: European capitalism intensely
competitive
• Political: Many European nation-states
(China, India, Ottomans unified empires)
• Social/Ideological: Christianity (Catholic
and Protestant) encouraged competition.
European nuclear family did also
• Spain and Portugal first European nations
to explore (aftereffect of Reconquista)
• Portugal reaches Cape of Good Hope,
then India by 1498.
• Spain makes 1492 “discovery” of America
• Line of Demarcation divides world
between Spain and Portugal, gives Brazil
to Portugal.
• Northern European nations outstripped Spain
and Portugal by late 1500s due to development
of narrow-beamed ships, which were more
seaworthy than the broad-beamed ships used
by the Spanish and Portuguese.
• Joint stock companies formed to finance
exploration, colonization: Dutch East Indian
Company, British East India Company
Mercantilism
• Mercantile Capitalism encouraged
colonization.
• Countries practicing mercantilism wished
to limit imports, increase exports
• Colonies were needed as sources of raw
materials, markets for finished goods
• Colonies were to be exploited to enrich the
mother country
Columbian Exchange
• Exchange of peoples, plants, animals, and
diseases between Old and New Worlds
after 1492
• Corn and Potatoes enrich European diets,
lead to population growth
• European diseases create Native
American holocaust
• European animals (horses, cows) brought
to Americas (see chart in packet)
Europe 1450-1750
• Renaissance, Scientific Revolution lead to
new interest in world and exploration
• American gold and silver leads to Price
Revolution (inflation) and instability.
• Protestant Reformation led by Luther and
Calvin splits Christianity, increases
competition among Europeans
Spain
• Enriched by American gold and silver
Century of Gold 1550-1650
• Absolute Monarchy, strongly Catholic
• Conflict with Netherlands and England
• Declined due to inflation, wars, lack of
middle class
Holland
• Gained independence from Spain
• Officially Calvinist Protestant, but tolerant
of all religions
• Wealthy banking and trade center
• Migrations of persecuted religious
minorities from all over Europe
France
• 1500s Civil War between Catholics and
Huguenots (Protestants)
• 1589 Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes
guaranteeing Huguenot freedom of
worship: Politique
• 1600s Cardinal Richelieu maintained
Politique, intervened on side of
Protestants in Thirty Years War
Louis XIV 1648-1715
The Sun King
Versailles Palace
Wars to gain natural frontiers for France
Revocation of Edict of Nantes and
persecution of Huguenots
French power declined
England
1600s Stuart Kings try to establish Absolute
Monarchy
1642-1649 English Civil War results in
beheading of King Charles, end of
Monarchy for 11 years
1688 Glorious Revolution established
Parliamentary supremacy,
parliamentary/constitutional monarchy
Enlightenment
• 1700s, begins in France. Philosophes like
Voltaire call for use of reason, liberty,
religious toleration, democratic
government.
• Inspiration for American Revolution and
subsequent revolutions
• Enlightened Despots were absolute
monarchs who accepted some
Enlightenment principles
Russia
• Landlocked, isolated after Mongol
conquest
• Some trade with Europe under Tsars Ivan
III and Ivan IV.
• Modernization and Westernization under
Peter the Great 1682-1725 and Catherine
the Great 1762-1796.
• Most Russians still serfs, Tsars absolute
monarchs
Latin America
• Spanish and Portuguese conquests 1492-1550
• Encomienda system encouraged exploitation of
Native Americans
• Mining (Potosi) and plantation agriculture
(sugar) dominate economy
• Silver in demand for trade with China
• European diseases decimate Native Americans.
African slave trade provides forced labor
• Bartolome de las Casas vs Juan Gimes de
Sepulveda debate on Native Americans
• Race based society: Peninsulares,
creoles, mestizoes, mulattos, Native
American and African slaves
Africa and the Slave Trade
• Africa a heterogeneous, multicultural area
with many societies and empires.
• Mali under Mansa Musa (1300s) one of
the strongest African states
• Europeans arrived in Africa in 1400s with
Portuguese voyages down west coast
• Europeans saw Africans as equals until
the “discovery” of the Americas caused
demand for forced labor.
• Forest Kingdoms along West Coast were
the source of most slaves taken to the
Americas
• Due to tropical diseases (White Man’s
Graveyard) most European slave traders
did not go beyond the coast, but
purchased slaves from local chieftains and
leaders.
• Slaves taken to the Americas were part of the
Triangle (Atlantic) trade between the Americas,
Europe, and Africa. Manufactured
goods,weapons,alcohol were traded for slaves.
• High mortality among slave population required
constant supply of new slaves.
• North American British colonies only area where
slaves had a natural increase in population.
• Slave trade continued until the 1800s,
responsible for long term population
decline in West Africa, importation of
African customs, foods to the Americas
• European settlers began to colonize South
Africa (temperate climate) in the 1500s.
Portuguese, Dutch (Boers), and English.
The Gunpowder Empires
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Ottomans
Safavids
Mughals
Muslim (Safavids Shi’a Mughals and
Ottomans Sunni)
• Weaker than Europeans, under pressure
from European trade
Ottomans
• Turkic tribe entered Middle East after
Mongol collapse
• “conquest over commerce” more
interested in military power than economic
power
• 1453 captured Constantinople, ended
Byzantine Empire. Eventually ruled
Middle East, Southeastern Europe
• Janissaries: slave soldiers who led
Ottoman armies
• Strongest Sultan: Suleiman the
Magnificent (the Lawgiver) died 1566
• 1571 Battle of Lepanto marks beginning of
Ottoman decline
• Ottoman Empire lasted until World War I
Safavids
• Dominated Iran
• Less market-oriented than Ottomans,
women less restricted.
• Defeat by Ottomans at the Battle of
Chaldiran 1514 blocked Safavid, Shi’a
expansion
• Greatest ruler Shah Abbas I
• Safavids in decline under European
economic pressure by 1700s
Mughals
• Descendants of Mongols, began to
conquer India under Shah Babur the Tiger
• Greatest ruler: Akbar the Great, who
created the Din-i-Illahi as a universal
religion
• Mughals came under increasing European
(British) influence in 1700s.
Asia 1450-1750
• Asia home of well organized, prosperous
societies Europeans were at first unable to
penetrate, dominate as they were the
Americas.
• Portuguese first Europeans to sail to Asia,
followed by Spanish, Dutch, French,
English
• Missionaries as well as merchants spread
European influence
Ming Dynasty China 1368-1644
• Drove out Mongols
• Native Chinese dynasty
• Sent out 7 voyages under Admiral Zheng He
before banning overseas travel and trade in
1431
• Experienced great prosperity, Commercial
Revolution, new foods through Columbian
Exchange. Continued to trade with Europeans
(regulated by Chinese government)
• 1640s: intensification of the Little Ice Age
creates problems throughout Northern
Hemisphere: English Civil War, Thirty
Years War, and weakness for Ming
Dynasty.
• 1644: Ming overthrown by Manchu
invaders, who establish the Qing Dynasty
Japan
• 1400s-1500s period of Civil War.
Europeans began arriving 1543
(nanbanjin) .
• European missionaries introduce
Christianity which is very attractive to
Japanese (Francis Xavier)
• European traders create thriving trade.
Japanese curious and interested in West.
• 1598: Japan unified under Tokugawa Ieyasu,
who established Tokugawa Shogunate.
• Suspicious of Europeans, who were limited to
Dutch access to Nagasaki by early 1600s.
• Christianity persecuted, banned
• Japan begins period of national seclusion until
1868. Urbanization, Confucian influence