Transcript Exploration and Colonization-1

Focus:
Make a list of the names of
explorers you already know
and something about them.
Focus: Turn to page 76-77 in Atlas. Read the introduction, and
the history question, “What is Colonization?” Use the information to
answer the following questions.
• European explorers unexpectedly found
opportunities in the Americas when they
had been searching for what place?
• What is a colony?
• What did Europeans hope to gain from its
colonies in America?
Exploration and
Colonization
(1400s – 1700s)
The “Old World”
Europe Asia
Africa
And
in the Early 1400s
Trade
• Trade
-Europeans wanted goods such
as spices, silk, and tea from
“the Indies” (Southeast Asia)
• The Silk Road
-Ran from Europe to the Indies
-Was kept safe by strong
Chinese rulers
The Silk Road
Changes in Trade Routes
• New rulers took over Silk Road
– It became unsafe to travel
– Increased taxes made trade very expensive
• Rise of Ottoman Empire
– Ottoman rulers (Muslim) became “middle-men” in
trade between Europeans and Asians
• Asian goods became too expensive for most Europeans
to buy
• Christians and Muslims were not the best of friends,
Why?
Focus: Use Map A in your Atlas. Create and
complete the chart below.
Explorer
Year(s) of
Voyage
Sponsoring
Country
Cabot
Eastern North
America
1501
Portugal
1513
Pizzaro
Destination
Sountern
North America
1531-1533
1535
France
Netherlands
and England
Eastern North
America
Europeans
Explore
The World
Why did Europeans want to
explore?
• To find new trade routes to the Indies
– Wanted to go around the “middle men”
and trade directly with merchants in the
Indies to get rich
• For glory and adventure
• To spread their culture
– Christian religion and European values
Europeans also wanted:
• To take over new lands to expand power
• To spread their culture
– Christian religion and European values
(Remember, Catholicism had declined due to
the Protestant Reformation. As part of the
Great Commission, Protestant and Catholic
missionaries traveled to the New World. They
were like salesmen.)
Obstacles to Exploration
• Lack of knowledge and technology
• Ocean currents and wind patterns
– Sometimes carried ships off course
– Sailors had to ride with the currents and winds
– Limited ability to explore far away places
Europeans began exploring
in the late 1400s
• Sharing of ideas
– Map-makers, shipbuilders, navigators, and
inventors shared information that made
exploration possible
– Europeans gained access to maps and sailing
information from the Chinese, Greeks, and
Arabs
• Development of new technology
– By the late 1400s, Europeans had the
technology needed to begin exploring faraway
places
Exploration Technology
Invention
Description
Compass
Astrolabe
Caravel
Gunpowder
A device which helped sailors find
direction by using a magnetized
needle which always pointed north
A device which helped sailors use the
position of the stars to figure out their
location (latitude)
A fast, lightweight ship which used
triangular sails and a rudder for easier
navigation at sea and in shallow
waters
A mixture of chemicals that explodes
when lit
Used in guns and cannons for:
-protection from other Europeans
-to dominate trade
-to fight against natives
-to hunt for food
Voyages of Exploration
Focus: Atlas Page 77. Look at Picture B.
• What is happening in the Picture?
_________________________________
• Describe the scene as if you were a
Spanish Explorer.
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Search for New Trade Routes
• Portugal and Spain were the first
European nations to search for new
water routes to the Indies
– Portugal sent explorers East around Africa
– Spain sent explorers West across the
Atlantic
• England (Great Britain), France, and
Netherlands, all began exploring soon
afterwards
Two Main Players
in Early Exploration
Portugal
and
Spain
P
O
R
T
U
G
A
L
SPAIN
The Portuguese
• They needed to explore to get money and
increase their power.
• They focused on the science of navigation
hoping to be the first ones to find a water
route to Asia
Prince Henry
– Son of Portuguese King
– Dazzled by dreams of ocean
exploration and East Asia
– Established a navigation
school
– First to use Astrolabe and
Caravel
– 1st to sail into open ocean
away from land – so daring!
– He sailed to Northwestern
Africa known as Ivory Coast
Diaz
• He was the first to
make it to the
southern tip of
Africa
• Founded the Cape
of Good Hope
• Created many new
trading ports
Vasco de Gama
– First to sail around Africa to India (27,000 mi)
– 1st to find sea route to Asia
– Allowed Portugal to dominate Asian trade
The Spanish
• Spain was jealous of Portugal’s
achievements (rivals) because Spain made
few accomplishments in exploration until….
• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella married,
uniting two empires
• They became a powerhouse of exploration
and colonization!
Christopher Columbus
• Plan to sail west to get to
the Far East
• 1st to cross Atlantic
Ocean
• Lands on the Caribbean
island of Hispanola in
1492
• Discovered “The New
World” and made 4
trips
• Brought “small pox” to
the natives killing almost
25 million natives in 50
years.
Hernando Cortez
• Cortez was a conquistador
• Landed on the Yucatan
Peninsula of Mexico.
• Cortez met the Aztecs, which
were an ancient group of
warriors and mathematicians
• Cortez defeated their leader
Montazuma and took all their
gold for the glory of Spain
Balboa
• Sailed to Panama and
hired natives to cross
the isthmus
• He discovered the
“Southern Ocean”
which later became
known as the Pacific
Ocean
Amerigo Vespucci
• Sailed to Brazil
• His detailed drawings of
the coast resulted in
mapmakers naming
land after him Americas
Pizarro
• Spanish conquistador
• Sailed to present-day
Colombia into Peru
• Discovered the Incas
• Used “germ warfare” to
defeat the empire
• Found a large supply of
Emeralds
Ferdinand Magellan
• 1st to “circumnavigate” the Earth.
• Killed in the Philippines during a local
war
• The next in command, Juan de Elcano,
completed the journey for him
Animanicas
Focus: Atlas Page 77. Look at Picture B.
• Describe the scene as if you were a Native
American.
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
• How were Native Americans affected by
Europeans who came to the
Americas?_________________________
__________________________________
The French
• They were looking for a way to get
to Asia by going through the Arctic
Ocean above Canada
• Not successful, but their exploration
allowed them to be very successful in
North America
• Developed positive relationships
with Native Americans
Jacques Cartier
 attempted to find the “Northwest Passage”,
but failed
instead he found the St. Lawrence Seaway and
the Great Lakes
 he helped France establish a flourishing fur
trade in North America
Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77. Complete the
sentences.
• The __________ claimed lands along
the eastern coast of what is now the
United states. A major city located in
the settlement region was _________
which used to be called New
Amsterdam. The main economic
activities in the region were _______
and _________.
European
Colonialism
(1500s-1700s)
• colonialism: a system in which
powerful nations rule over the land and
people of weaker nations
-colony: a land and its people that are
controlled by a more powerful nation
-colonial power: a nation which has taken
control of the government and economy of
a weaker nation or territory
(a.k.a. mother country)
Types of Colonies
• trading post empire: a collection of
colonies used to trade items, typically
along an established trade route
• settler colony: type of colony where
people move from their mother countries
to create permanent settlements or towns
• plantation colony: a type of colony in
which large areas of land are farmed by
enslaved people to grow cash crops
Area of
Colonization
(by late 1700s)
Africa
Asia
The Americas
Oceania
(Australia and the
Pacific)
Major Colonies and
Colonial Powers
•Trading posts along coast – Portugal (other
Europeans came later)
•South Africa – Netherlands (eventually forced out
by Great Britain)
•India – Great Britain (forced other Europeans out)
•Dutch East Indies (Spice Islands) – Netherlands
•The Philippines – Spain
•British Canada, 13 Colonies – Great Britain
•New Netherlands (NY) – The Netherlands
•New France, Louisiana, Haiti - France
•New Spain, Florida, West Indies, Peru – Spain
•Brazil – Portugal
•Australia, New Zealand – Great Britain
Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77.
• The ________ claimed lands in central
North America where the main economic
activity was ___________________.
• After conquering the Aztec empire, the
___________ dominated southwestern
North America, Middle America and
Western __________ America. The main
economic activities on the lands they
claimed were __________ and
_________.
• Colonization Game
Focus: Atlas Map C. Page 77.
• The eastern coast of South America
was settled by the ____________,
who founded the cities of _________
and _________. The main economic
activities in the Portuguese settlement
regions were ____________ and
___________.
Europeans
in Asia
• Europeans Explore Asia
– Portugal finds first all water route to Asia in late
1400s
– Portugal, Spain, France, England, and
Netherlands compete for control of trade
• Trade Routes
– Europeans set up trading posts
• India and China
– Silks, tea, porcelain
• Southeast Asia
– Spices (cloves, cinnamon, pepper)
• Spread of Religions
– Hinduism and Buddhism
• Spread throughout Asia by 1400s
– Islam
• Spread by Muslim merchants and militaries
– Christianity
• Spread by European merchants and missionaries
throughout Asia
• Caused conflict with Chinese and Japanese rulers who
believed it was a threat to their culture
– Led China and Japan to isolationism, a policy of
turning inward and cutting off contact with the
outside world
Focus: Atlas page 78-79. Look at picture A
and read caption. For each pair write C for
Cause and E for Effect.
• _____ Europeans brought
diseases and overworked Native
Americas.
• _____ Millions of Native Americas
died.
Europeans in
the Americas
European Explorers and
Conquerors
• Christopher Columbus “discovered” the
Americas while looking for a western route
to the Indies
• Other explorers from Spain, Portugal,
England, France, and the Netherlands
continued to explore the “New World”
• European nations later began conquering
and colonizing the Americas
European
Colonies
in the
Americas
• Spanish colonies
– South American
Colonies
• Plantation farming
• Mining
– West Indies
• Plantation farming
– New Spain and
Florida
• Settler and
Plantation Colonies
• Mining
• French colonies
– New France
• Trading Post Empire
• Fur Trapping and Fishing
– Louisiana
• Trading Post Empire and
Plantation colony
– Haiti
• Plantation Colony
• English colonies
– 13 Colonies
• Southern Colonies
– Plantation Colonies
– Tobacco, Rice, and Indigo
(and Later, Cotton)
• Northern Colonies
– Settler Colonies
– Fishing and Timber
– British Canada
• Trading Post Empire
• Fur Trapping and Fishing
The French and Indian War
England
defeated
France
France gave
up territory to
England and
Spain
Europeans
and Native
Americans
• Europeans spread diseases
which killed many Native
Americans
• European missionaries came to
spread Christianity to natives
• Treatment of Native Americans
– Spanish
• Enslaved natives and forced them to
work on plantations and in mines
– French
• Lived among natives
• Learned native languages
• Hunted, fished, and traded with natives
– English
• Lived peacefully alongside natives at
first
• As more English settlers arrived,
natives were forced off land
Focus: Atlas page 78-79. Look at picture A
and read caption. For each pair write C for
Cause and E for Effect.
• _____ Europeans enslaved Africans and
brought them to the Americas.
• _____ Native American population
declined.
Europeans
in Africa
Exploring Africa’s Coasts
• Early trade relationships
– By the 1500s, Europeans had
been trading with Africans for
gold, salt, and ivory for centuries.
• Portugal searched for all water
route to the Indies
– Set up first trading post colonies
along coasts of Africa
• Other Europeans came later
– Were initially uninterested in
Africa’s interior
SLAVERY
African Slave Trade
• Many African kingdoms had participated in the
slave trade for hundreds of years
– Bought and sold criminals, debtors, and
prisoners of war as slaves
• European Interest in Slaves
– As Native American
populations declined,
Europeans wanted an
inexpensive source of
labor for their plantation
colonies in the Americas
African Views on Slavery Differed




At the same time, new African
states arose whose way of life
depended on the slave trade.
The rulers of these new states
waged war against other
Africans in order to gain
control of the slave trade in
their region.
Yet, in many African tribes
slavery was an acceptable
answer to poverty.
Slaves were frequently made a
part of the family. There was a
slave in Africa that served a
tribal leader.
Slave Trade
Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79.
• How long did the Atlantic slave trade last?
• Where were the fewest slaves sent?
• Where were the largest number of slaves
sent?
Supply and Demand:
demand was high….
Each
year, traders shipped
tens of thousands of
enslaved Africans across the
Atlantic to work on tobacco
and sugar plantations in the
Americas.
The
slave trade intensified
as the demand for slaves
increased in the Americas
and the demand for luxury
goods increased in Africa.
Destinations of Enslaved Africans,
1500–1870
Original Triangle Trade Route:
Slaves, Sugar & Rum
Rum
Sugar
Slaves
Triangular Trade Grows
The Atlantic slave trade formed one part of a three-legged trade network
know as the triangular trade.
Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79.
• How many enslaved Africans died on the
way to the Americas?
• How many slaves were sent to what is
today eastern United States?
• How many slaves were sent to the
Caribbean?
History of Slave Trade
Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade
By
the 1800s, an
estimated 11 million
enslaved Africans had
reached the Americas.
Another 2 million
probably died during
the Middle Passage
(define).
In West Africa, the loss
of countless numbers of
young women and men
resulted in some small
states disappearing
forever.
Slave Collar
So a runaway
could be heard!
A Different Kind of
Slavery…BUT


"Anyone can say that
slavery has existed
forever," says Frans
Fontaine, "even the
Greeks and Romans had
slaves.”
But this kind of slavery
was different - it was
fixed to race. You
became a slave because
you were black.
A Different Kind of
Slavery…BUT


But slavery didn't fit in with
Christian ideals so there was a
very good solution for this
problem; black people,
Europeans and Americans
determined, they were not really
humans.
And that is the most cruel part of
this form of slavery. Blacks were
not people, they said,…could
therefore be enslaved.
Slave Ship Journal Tasks
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Assume “slave square position.”
The Overseer is watching!
Watch a segment from Roots, Vol. 1 “The Capture…” 20-25 minutes
Answer the questions that follow
“Interpreting Primary Sources #2” in
your journal.
Read the biographies of “Olaudah
Equiano.”a
Write a journal entry as if you are a
sailor on a slave ship who would
secretly like to interview Equiano. List
five questions you would ask him and
explain why.
Focus: Atlas Map D. Page 79.
• How many enslaves Africans were forced
to work in the Spanish and British
Americas?
• In total how many Africans were taken
from their homelands and enslaved?
• Look at Chart C. Is this number more of
less than all of the people living in the ten
largest cities in the world in 1500?
Triangular Trade
• Manufactured goods
(tools, guns, rum, and
cloth) from Europe to the
coast of West Africa
• Slaves from Africa to the
American colonies
• Raw materials (sugar,
molasses, tobacco, and
cotton) back to Europe
“The Middle Passage”
• “The Middle Passage”- the
awful trip made by enslaved
Africans across the Atlantic
Ocean to the Americas
– About 16 million enslaved Africans
were brought to the Americas
between the 1500s and 1800s
– Slave traders crammed as many
slaves as possible below deck
– One in five slaves did not make the
journey
Effects on African Societies
• Many African
communities lost their
strongest and most
capable workers to the
slave trade
• Families were torn apart
• The introduction of guns
to the continent of Africa
added to the cycle of
violence
Participation in the Slave Trade
• Many African leaders
participated in the slave
trade to make money
• African merchants
kidnapped people of
interior parts of Africa and
sold them to Europeans at
trading posts along coast
• European merchants
bought and sold African
slaves for large profits
Resistance to the Slave Trade
• Some African leaders
– King Alfonso I of the Congo
asked the Pope to stop the
slave trade
• Slave Revolts
– Most slave revolts were put down
– Successful revolts
• Slaves won freedom in French colony of Haiti
• Group of slaves won freedom after fighting their captors and
taking control of their transport ship, the Amistad
• Abolitionist (anti-slavery) movements took place
in the U.S. during the 1800s
Exploitation
• Slavery was outlawed
in most places by the
end of the 1800s
• Europeans continued
colonizing Africa
through early 1900s
Focus: Atlas Map B. Page 78.
• Write AM next
to anything
that came
from
Americas.
Write EAA
next to
anything from
Europe,
Africa or
Asia.
__Corn
__Turkeys
__Coffee
__Potatoes
__Horses
__Black Flies
__Sunflowers
__Rubber
__Sugar Cane
__Cattle
__Tomatoes
__Watermelons
Effects of
European
Colonial
Expansion
Effects of Colonialism
• Political Changes
– European countries became more powerful
• Competed with one another for colonies
– People of Africa, Asia, and the Americas became
weaker
• Social Changes
– Cultures were changed in Africa, Asia, and the
Americas
• Dominance of European language and customs
• Christianity spread to colonized lands
– Natives of colonized lands became lower classes
• Economic Changes
– Expanding international trade (Columbian Exchange)
– Growth of capitalism
• New trade gave peasants more opportunities
• Growth of a middle class in Europe
– Transfer of wealth from colonies to Europe
International Trade
Key Ideas of Mercantilism
• Mercantilism: an economic theory that states that
nations become powerful by building up large
supplies of gold and silver
– Government controls economy
• Decides what to produce in the colonies
• Only allows colonies to trade with mother country
– Nations want favorable balance of trade
• Export more than you import
– Importance of colonies
• Sources of raw materials
– Ex. cotton, sugar, tobacco
• Markets for manufactured goods
– Ex. cloth, guns, tools
Key Ideas of Capitalism
• Capitalism: an economic system based on
private ownership of businesses and property
– Development of Capitalism
• Many merchants believed that trade would increase if
governments would let the people control the economy
– Free enterprise
• Economy is free from government control
• Property and businesses are privately owned
• People run businesses to earn profit
– Market economy
• Producers and consumers decide what goods and services to
produce
• Prices and wages are negotiated in the marketplace
• Competition encourages businesses to offer quality goods and
services at fair prices