APWH Ch 20 Gunpowder_Empires Notes
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Transcript APWH Ch 20 Gunpowder_Empires Notes
The Islamic Empires
1500-1800
Three Islamic Empires dominate from
southern Europe to Northern India from
1500-1800
Ottoman Empire (Southern Europe, Middle
East, North Africa)
Safavid Empire (Persia)
Mughal Empire (Northern India)
Similarities
The peak of Islam’s political and
military power
All based on military conquest
All from Turkic nomadic cultures
All absolute monarchies
Differences
All were Muslim but Mughals ruled
over a predominantly non-Muslim
population
Ottomans had large Christian
minority
Safavids were Shi’ite Muslims
With decline of Seljuk
Turks, Ottomans
expanded and
founded the Ottoman
dynasty
1300’s: Ottomans
expanded into Balkan
Peninsula
Serbian defeat at Battle of Kosovo
Janissaries: young boys
taken from the Christian
population. Boys were
converted to Islam and
trained as elite soldiers or
administrators to serve the
Sultan
Janissaries
Under the leadership
of Mehmet II, the
Ottomans laid siege to
Constantinople
Fall of Constantinople
in 1453 brought end
to the Byzantine
Empire
The Ottomans made
the city their capital
renaming it Istanbul
Mehmet II enters
Constantinople
Greatest threat to Europe
came under rule of greatest of
Ottoman rulers, Suleyman I.
Suleyman I
The Ottomans laid siege to Vienna in 1529
Ottoman advance into western Mediterranean
stopped at Lepanto in 1571 by Western coalition
led by the Spanish
Ottoman rule
A strong centralized government was
established with the sultan at its head in
Istanbul.
The position of sultan was hereditary- once in
power, a sultan would murder all his brothers.
The private domain of the sultan was called the
harem
The imperial bureaucracy was controlled by
the sultan through his chief minister, the
Grand Vizier
Pashas collected taxes (giving a percentage to
the Ottomans) and maintained law and order
As Caliph, the sultan was the supreme
religious leader but he delegated many
duties to the Ulema, who administered the
legal system and education
Islamic law applied to all Ottoman
territory
The Ottomans were tolerant of non-
Muslims - head tax
Non-Muslim religions were headed by an
official who was responsible to the sultan
Women had
greater freedom
under the
Ottomans than in
other Muslim
nations
Could own and
inherit property,
could not be
forced into
marriage, and
were permitted to
divorce
Women in the Ottoman court
Safavids descended from
Turkic tribesmen in northern
Iran
Safavids – Shi’ite Muslims
1501- Safi al-Din Ismail
seized much of what is
today Iran and Iraq
Safavid soldier
Selim I, the Ottoman
sultan, marched against
Safavids and won major
victory
After more attempts by
the Safavids to take
Ottoman lands, the
Ottomans forced the
Safavid leader, Shah
Abbas, to sign peace
treaty
Selim I
Safavids reached peak of
power under Shah Abbas
With help of Europeans,
Shah Abbas attempted to
take more lands from
Ottomans
Shah Abbas and wine boy
The Safavids declined after death of
Shah Abbas in 1629
Afghan tribesmen invaded and
captured the Safavid capital and forced
the royal family to flee to Azerbaijan,
their original homeland
Safavid rule
comparable to the
Ottomans
Safavids had vibrant
middle class
Greatest area of
productivity in
Safavid Empire was
textiles
Carpets were prized
all over the world
Founded by Babur,
descended from
Tamerlane and
Genghis Khan
Invaded India from
Kabul and conquered
Delhi
Using that city as his
base, he expanded into
the subcontinent
Babur
After Babur’s death, his son,
Akbar, continued the expansion
until most of India was under
his control
The Mughal Empire was the
greatest empire in India since
the Mauryans
Akbar
Although Muslim, Akbar adopted a
policy of religious tolerance
Hindus served in lesser positions in
his court and even Christians were
present in the form of Jesuit advisors
Akbar even took a Hindu bride
Local officials, called Zamindars,
administered districts, taking a portion
of the taxes as salary
Political stability and peace = period of
growth in trade and manufacturing
Much of the trade was handled by
Muslim merchants
The Mughal dynasty
went into decline after
death of Akbar
Akbar succeeded by his
son, Jahangir
Jahangir
Shah Jahan, succeeded
Jahangir
In order to secure hold on
power, he had all rivals
murdered
Shah Jahan’s military
campaigns and corruption in
court impoverished state
His son, Aurangzeb, killed
brother and imprisoned Shah
Jahan
Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal for
deceased wife
Shah Jahan
Aurangzeb tried to eliminate many of
India’s social evils including sati
He forced Hindus to convert to Islam and
forbade the construction of Hindu
temples
Social unrest resulted in a number of
revolts
Weakened from within, Delhi was sacked
by Persians in 1739
The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and
French all sought influence in India
War between British and French
Increasing British influence under the
East India Company
Mughals and
Hindus created a
blended culture
Both Muslim and
Hindu cultures
restricted women
Purdah adopted
by higher-class
Hindus
Full purdah