Transcript The Ottomans laid siege to Vienna in 1529 Ottoman advance into

Similarities
• The peak of Islam’s political and
military power
• All based on military conquest
• All from Turkic nomadic cultures
• All absolute monarchies
Differences
• All were Muslim but Mughals ruled
over a predominantly non-Muslim
population
• Ottomans had large Christian
minority
• Safavids were Shi’ite Muslims
BALKAN
ISLANDS
2
1
5
NORTH
AFRICA
ANATOLIA (MODERN DAY
TURKEY
4
EGYPT
3
MEDINA AND
MECCA
• Ottoman Turks began
to build power on
northwest corner of
the Anatolian
Peninsula.
• With decline of Seljuk
Turks, Ottomans
expanded and
founded the Ottoman
dynasty
• 1300’s: Ottomans
expanded into Balkan
Peninsula
Serbian defeat at Battle of Kosovo
• Janissaries: young boys
taken from the Christian
population. Boys were
converted to Islam and
trained as elite soldiers or
administrators to serve the
Sultan
• Ottomans defeated the
Serbs at the Battle of
Kosovo
• Controlled the Balkan
Peninsula
Janissaries
• Under the leadership
of Mehmet II, the
Ottomans laid siege to
Constantinople
• Fall of Constantinople
in 1453 brought end to
the Byzantine Empire
• The Ottomans made
the city their capital
renaming it Istanbul
Mehmet II enters
Constantinople
• Under rule of Sultan Selim I, the Ottomans
took control of Mesopotamia, Egypt, and
the Arabian Peninsula with holy cities of
Mecca and Medina
• Selim declared himself Caliph
• Ottoman rule spread across North Africa
though by 1600’s this area was semiindependent
• Ottoman attempts to penetrate
Eastern Europe were stymied
by the Hungarians
• Greatest threat to Europe
came under rule of greatest of
Ottoman rulers, Suleyman I.
Under his leadership,
Ottomans seized Belgrade and
won victory over Hungarians
and occupied the country
Suleyman I
• The Ottomans laid siege to Vienna in 1529
• Ottoman advance into western Mediterranean
stopped at Lepanto in 1571 by Western coalition
led by the Spanish
• In 1600’s, the Ottomans
attempted to expand into
Europe again
• Vienna was besieged
• Combined European force
pushed Ottomans out of
Austria and Hungary
• Ottomans would never
threaten Central Europe
again
Siege of Vienna
• Ottoman rule
 The Ottomans copied many aspects of
Byzantine political structure, especially
imperial rule
 A strong centralized government was
established with the sultan at its head in
Istanbul.
 The position of sultan was hereditary- once in
power, a sultan would murder all his brothers.
 The private domain of the sultan was called the
harem
 The imperial bureaucracy was controlled by
the sultan through his chief minister, the
Grand Vizier
 Most high government officials were Muslim
by birth and many were chosen based on merit
 The Ottomans administered their lands
through local rulers called pashas
 Pashas collected taxes (giving a percentage to
the Ottomans) and maintained law and order
• As Caliph, the sultan was the supreme
religious leader but he delegated many
duties to the Ulema, who administered the
legal system and education
• Islamic law applied to all Ottoman territory
• The Ottomans were tolerant of nonMuslims - head tax
• Non-Muslim religions were headed by an
official who was responsible to the sultan
• Women had
greater freedom
under the
Ottomans than in
other Muslim
nations
• Could own and
inherit property,
could not be
forced into
marriage, and
were permitted to
divorce
Women in the Ottoman court
SAFAVID EMPIRE
MODERN
DAY: IRAN
• Safavids descended from
Turkic tribesmen in northern
Iran
• Safavids – Shi’ite Muslims
• 1501- Safi al-Din Ismail
seized much of what is
today Iran and Iraq
• Ismail sent missionaries into
Ottoman lands
• Massacred Sunni Muslims
when he conquered
Baghdad in 1508
Safavid soldier
• Selim I, the Ottoman
sultan, marched against
Safavids and won major
victory
• After more attempts by the
Safavids to take Ottoman
lands, the Ottomans
forced the Safavid leader,
Shah Abbas, to sign peace
treaty
Selim I
• Safavids reached peak of
power under Shah Abbas
• With help of Europeans,
Shah Abbas attempted to
take more lands from
Ottomans
• Another peace treaty was
signed but conflict
continued for many years
Shah Abbas and wine boy
• The Safavids declined after death of
Shah Abbas in 1629
• Afghan tribesmen invaded and
captured the Safavid capital and
forced the royal family to flee to
Azerbaijan, their original homeland
• Safavid rule
comparable to the
Ottomans
• Safavids had vibrant
middle class
• Greatest area of
productivity in Safavid
Empire was textiles
• Carpets were prized
all over the world
MUGHAL
EMPIRE
INDIA
• Founded by Babur,
descended from
Tamerlane and Genghis
Khan
• Invaded India from
Kabul and conquered
Delhi
• Using that city as his
base, he expanded into
the subcontinent
Babur
• After Babur’s death, his son,
Akbar, continued the expansion
until most of India was under
his control
• Although his empire appeared
highly centralized it was in
reality a collection of semiindependent states held
together by the emperor
• The Mughal Empire was the
greatest empire in India since
the Mauryans
Akbar
• Although Muslim, Akbar adopted a
policy of religious tolerance
• Hindus served in lesser positions in
his court and even Christians were
present in the form of Jesuit advisors
• Akbar even took a Hindu bride
• Local officials, called Zamindars,
administered districts, taking a
portion of the taxes as salary
• Political stability and peace = period
of growth in trade and manufacturing
• Much of the trade was handled by
Muslim merchants
• The Mughal dynasty went
into decline after death of
Akbar
• Akbar succeeded by his
son, Jahangir
• Under Jahangir’s reign,
the nobility took more
power through the
intrigues of one of his
Persian-born wives
Jahangir
• Her son, Shah Jahan,
succeeded Jahangir
• In order to secure hold on
power, he had all rivals
murdered
• Shah Jahan’s military
campaigns and corruption,
in court impoverished the
state
• His son, Aurangzeb, killed
brother and imprisoned
Shah Jahan
• Shah Jahan built Taj Mahal
Shah Jahan
• Aurangzeb tried to eliminate many of
India’s social evils including sati
• He forced Hindus to convert to Islam and
forbade the construction of Hindu temples
• Social unrest resulted in a number of
revolts
• Weakened from within, Delhi was sacked
by Persians in 1739
• The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and
French all sought influence in India
• War between British and French
• Increasing British influence under
the East India Company
• Mughals and
Hindus created a
blended culture
• Both Muslim and
Hindu cultures
restricted women
• Purdah adopted by
higher-class
Hindus
Full purdah
• Some Hindus forcibly married
Muslim women and converted them
to Hinduism
• Hindus converting to Islam lost all
rights within the Indian family
• Mughals married Hindu women and
adopted Indian dress